HCL (HashiCorp Configuration Language) is a configuration language built by HashiCorp. The goal of HCL is to build a structured configuration language that is both human and machine friendly for use with command-line tools, but specifically targeted towards DevOps tools, servers, etc.
HCL is also fully JSON compatible. That is, JSON can be used as completely valid input to a system expecting HCL. This helps makes systems interoperable with other systems.
HCL is heavily inspired by libucl, nginx configuration, and others similar.
A common question when viewing HCL is to ask the question: why not JSON, YAML, etc.?
Prior to HCL, the tools we built at HashiCorp used a variety of configuration languages from full programming languages such as Ruby to complete data structure languages such as JSON. What we learned is that some people wanted human-friendly configuration languages and some people wanted machine-friendly languages.
JSON fits a nice balance in this, but is fairly verbose and most importantly doesn't support comments. With YAML, we found that beginners had a really hard time determining what the actual structure was, and ended up guessing more than not whether to use a hyphen, colon, etc. in order to represent some configuration key.
Full programming languages such as Ruby enable complex behavior a configuration language shouldn't usually allow, and also forces people to learn some set of Ruby.
Because of this, we decided to create our own configuration language that is JSON-compatible. Our configuration language (HCL) is designed to be written and modified by humans. The API for HCL allows JSON as an input so that it is also machine-friendly (machines can generate JSON instead of trying to generate HCL).
Our goal with HCL is not to alienate other configuration languages. It is instead to provide HCL as a specialized language for our tools, and JSON as the interoperability layer.
The complete grammar can be found here, if you're more comfortable reading specifics, but a high-level overview of the syntax and grammar are listed here.
-
Single line comments start with
#or// -
Multi-line comments are wrapped in
/*and*/ -
Values are assigned with the syntax
key = value(whitespace doesn't matter). The value can be any primitive: a string, number, boolean, object, or list. -
Strings are double-quoted and can contain any UTF-8 characters. Example:
"Hello, World" -
Numbers are assumed to be base 10. If you prefix a number with 0x, it is treated as a hexadecimal. If it is prefixed with 0, it is treated as an octal. Numbers can be in scientific notation: "1e10".
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Boolean values:
true,false,on,off,yes,no. -
Arrays can be made by wrapping it in
[]. Example:["foo", "bar", 42]. Arrays can contain primitives and other arrays, but cannot contain objects. Objects must use the block syntax shown below.
Objects and nested objects are created using the structure shown below:
variable "ami" {
description = "the AMI to use"
}