// Cov returns the covariance between a set of data points based on the current
// GP fit.
func (g *GP) Cov(m *mat64.SymDense, x mat64.Matrix) *mat64.SymDense {
if m != nil {
// TODO(btracey): Make this k**
panic("resuing m not coded")
}
// The joint covariance matrix is
// K(x_*, k_*) - k(x_*, x) k(x,x)^-1 k(x, x*)
nSamp, nDim := x.Dims()
if nDim != g.inputDim {
panic(badInputLength)
}
// Compute K(x_*, x) K(x, x)^-1 K(x, x_*)
kstar := g.formKStar(x)
var tmp mat64.Dense
tmp.SolveCholesky(g.cholK, kstar)
var tmp2 mat64.Dense
tmp2.Mul(kstar.T(), &tmp)
// Compute k(x_*, x_*) and perform the subtraction.
kstarstar := mat64.NewSymDense(nSamp, nil)
for i := 0; i < nSamp; i++ {
for j := i; j < nSamp; j++ {
v := g.kernel.Distance(mat64.Row(nil, i, x), mat64.Row(nil, j, x))
if i == j {
v += g.noise
}
kstarstar.SetSym(i, j, v-tmp2.At(i, j))
}
}
return kstarstar
}
func toFeatureNodes(X *mat64.Dense) []*C.struct_feature_node {
featureNodes := []*C.struct_feature_node{}
nRows, nCols := X.Dims()
for i := 0; i < nRows; i++ {
row := []C.struct_feature_node{}
for j := 0; j < nCols; j++ {
val := X.At(i, j)
if val != 0 {
row = append(row, C.struct_feature_node{
index: C.int(j + 1),
value: C.double(val),
})
}
}
row = append(row, C.struct_feature_node{
index: C.int(-1),
value: C.double(0),
})
featureNodes = append(featureNodes, &row[0])
}
return featureNodes
}
func rowSum(matrix *mat64.Dense, rowId int) float64 {
_, col := matrix.Dims()
sum := float64(0)
for c := 0; c < col; c++ {
sum += matrix.At(rowId, c)
}
return sum
}
func colSum(matrix *mat64.Dense, colId int) float64 {
row, _ := matrix.Dims()
sum := float64(0)
for r := 0; r < row; r++ {
sum += matrix.At(r, colId)
}
return sum
}
// SetScale sets a linear scale between 0 and 1. If no data
// points. If the minimum and maximum value are identical in
// a dimension, the minimum and maximum values will be set to
// that value +/- 0.5 and a
func (l *Linear) SetScale(data *mat64.Dense) error {
rows, dim := data.Dims()
if rows < 2 {
return errors.New("scale: less than two inputs")
}
// Generate data for min and max if they don't already exist
if len(l.Min) < dim {
l.Min = make([]float64, dim)
} else {
l.Min = l.Min[0:dim]
}
if len(l.Max) < dim {
l.Max = make([]float64, dim)
} else {
l.Max = l.Max[0:dim]
}
for i := range l.Min {
l.Min[i] = math.Inf(1)
}
for i := range l.Max {
l.Max[i] = math.Inf(-1)
}
// Find the minimum and maximum in each dimension
for i := 0; i < rows; i++ {
for j := 0; j < dim; j++ {
val := data.At(i, j)
if val < l.Min[j] {
l.Min[j] = val
}
if val > l.Max[j] {
l.Max[j] = val
}
}
}
l.Scaled = true
l.Dim = dim
var unifError *UniformDimension
// Check that the maximum and minimum values are not identical
for i := range l.Min {
if l.Min[i] == l.Max[i] {
if unifError == nil {
unifError = &UniformDimension{}
}
unifError.Dims = append(unifError.Dims, i)
l.Min[i] -= 0.5
l.Max[i] += 0.5
}
}
if unifError != nil {
return unifError
}
return nil
}
// UpdateBias computes B = B + l.E and updates the bias weights
// from a size * 1 back-propagated error vector.
func (n *Network) UpdateBias(err *mat64.Dense, learnRate float64) {
for i, b := range n.biases {
if i < n.input {
continue
}
n.biases[i] = b + err.At(i, 0)*learnRate
}
}
func regionQuery(p int, ret *big.Int, dist *mat64.Dense, eps float64) *big.Int {
rows, _ := dist.Dims()
// Return any points within the Eps neighbourhood
for i := 0; i < rows; i++ {
if dist.At(p, i) <= eps {
ret = ret.SetBit(ret, i, 1) // Mark as neighbour
}
}
return ret
}
// Convert *mat64.Dense to Mat
func Mat64ToGcvMat(mat *mat64.Dense) GcvMat {
row, col := mat.Dims()
rawData := NewGcvFloat64Vector(int64(row * col))
for i := 0; i < row; i++ {
for j := 0; j < col; j++ {
rawData.Set(i*col+j, mat.At(i, j))
}
}
return Mat64ToGcvMat_(row, col, rawData)
}
// SetScale Finds the appropriate scaling of the data such that the dataset has
// a mean of 0 and a variance of 1. If the standard deviation of any of
// the data is zero (all of the entries have the same value),
// the standard deviation is set to 1.0 and a UniformDimension error is
// returned
func (n *Normal) SetScale(data *mat64.Dense) error {
rows, dim := data.Dims()
if rows < 2 {
return errors.New("scale: less than two inputs")
}
// Need to find the mean input and the std of the input
mean := make([]float64, dim)
for i := 0; i < rows; i++ {
for j := 0; j < dim; j++ {
mean[j] += data.At(i, j)
}
}
for i := range mean {
mean[i] /= float64(rows)
}
// TODO: Replace this with something that has better numerical properties
std := make([]float64, dim)
for i := 0; i < rows; i++ {
for j := 0; j < dim; j++ {
diff := data.At(i, j) - mean[j]
std[j] += diff * diff
}
}
for i := range std {
std[i] /= float64(rows)
std[i] = math.Sqrt(std[i])
}
n.Scaled = true
n.Dim = dim
var unifError *UniformDimension
for i := range std {
if std[i] == 0 {
if unifError == nil {
unifError = &UniformDimension{}
}
unifError.Dims = append(unifError.Dims, i)
std[i] = 1.0
}
}
n.Mu = mean
n.Sigma = std
if unifError != nil {
return unifError
}
return nil
}
func (nb *NaiveBayes) Fit(X, y *mat64.Dense) {
nSamples, nFeatures := X.Dims()
tokensTotal := 0
langsTotal, _ := y.Dims()
langsCount := histogram(y.Col(nil, 0))
tokensTotalPerLang := map[int]int{}
tokenCountPerLang := map[int](map[int]int){}
for i := 0; i < nSamples; i++ {
langIdx := int(y.At(i, 0))
for j := 0; j < nFeatures; j++ {
tokensTotal += int(X.At(i, j))
tokensTotalPerLang[langIdx] += int(X.At(i, j))
if _, ok := tokenCountPerLang[langIdx]; !ok {
tokenCountPerLang[langIdx] = map[int]int{}
}
tokenCountPerLang[langIdx][j] += int(X.At(i, j))
}
}
params := nbParams{
TokensTotal: tokensTotal,
LangsTotal: langsTotal,
LangsCount: langsCount,
TokensTotalPerLang: tokensTotalPerLang,
TokenCountPerLang: tokenCountPerLang,
}
nb.params = params
}
func StackConstr(low, A, up *mat64.Dense) (stackA, b *mat64.Dense, ranges []float64) {
neglow := &mat64.Dense{}
neglow.Scale(-1, low)
b = &mat64.Dense{}
b.Stack(up, neglow)
negA := &mat64.Dense{}
negA.Scale(-1, A)
stackA = &mat64.Dense{}
stackA.Stack(A, negA)
// capture the range of each constraint from A because this information is
// lost when converting from "low <= Ax <= up" via stacking to "Ax <= up".
m, _ := A.Dims()
ranges = make([]float64, m, 2*m)
for i := 0; i < m; i++ {
ranges[i] = up.At(i, 0) - low.At(i, 0)
if ranges[i] == 0 {
if up.At(i, 0) == 0 {
ranges[i] = 1
} else {
ranges[i] = up.At(i, 0)
}
}
}
ranges = append(ranges, ranges...)
return stackA, b, ranges
}
func (lr *LinearRegression) Fit(inst *base.Instances) error {
if inst.Rows < inst.GetAttributeCount() {
return NotEnoughDataError
}
// Split into two matrices, observed results (dependent variable y)
// and the explanatory variables (X) - see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression
observed := mat64.NewDense(inst.Rows, 1, nil)
explVariables := mat64.NewDense(inst.Rows, inst.GetAttributeCount(), nil)
for i := 0; i < inst.Rows; i++ {
observed.Set(i, 0, inst.Get(i, inst.ClassIndex)) // Set observed data
for j := 0; j < inst.GetAttributeCount(); j++ {
if j == 0 {
// Set intercepts to 1.0
// Could / should be done better: http://www.theanalysisfactor.com/interpret-the-intercept/
explVariables.Set(i, 0, 1.0)
} else {
explVariables.Set(i, j, inst.Get(i, j-1))
}
}
}
n := inst.GetAttributeCount()
qr := mat64.QR(explVariables)
q := qr.Q()
reg := qr.R()
var transposed, qty mat64.Dense
transposed.TCopy(q)
qty.Mul(&transposed, observed)
regressionCoefficients := make([]float64, n)
for i := n - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
regressionCoefficients[i] = qty.At(i, 0)
for j := i + 1; j < n; j++ {
regressionCoefficients[i] -= regressionCoefficients[j] * reg.At(i, j)
}
regressionCoefficients[i] /= reg.At(i, i)
}
lr.disturbance = regressionCoefficients[0]
lr.regressionCoefficients = regressionCoefficients[1:]
lr.fitted = true
return nil
}
// Manhattan distance, also known as L1 distance.
// Compute sum of absolute values of elements.
func (self *Manhattan) Distance(vectorX *mat64.Dense, vectorY *mat64.Dense) float64 {
r1, c1 := vectorX.Dims()
r2, c2 := vectorY.Dims()
if r1 != r2 || c1 != c2 {
panic(mat64.ErrShape)
}
result := .0
for i := 0; i < r1; i++ {
for j := 0; j < c1; j++ {
result += math.Abs(vectorX.At(i, j) - vectorY.At(i, j))
}
}
return result
}
// wrapper for predict, assumes all inputs are correct
func predict(input []float64, features *mat64.Dense, b []float64, featureWeights *mat64.Dense, output []float64) {
for i := range output {
output[i] = 0
}
nFeatures, _ := features.Dims()
_, outputDim := featureWeights.Dims()
sqrt2OverD := math.Sqrt(2.0 / float64(nFeatures))
//for i, feature := range features {
for i := 0; i < nFeatures; i++ {
z := computeZ(input, features.RowView(i), b[i], sqrt2OverD)
for j := 0; j < outputDim; j++ {
output[j] += z * featureWeights.At(i, j)
}
}
}
func (self *Chebyshev) Distance(vectorX *mat64.Dense, vectorY *mat64.Dense) float64 {
r1, c1 := vectorX.Dims()
r2, c2 := vectorY.Dims()
if r1 != r2 || c1 != c2 {
panic(mat64.ErrShape)
}
max := float64(0)
for i := 0; i < r1; i++ {
for j := 0; j < c1; j++ {
max = math.Max(max, math.Abs(vectorX.At(i, j)-vectorY.At(i, j)))
}
}
return max
}
func cost(y, yHat *mat64.Dense) float64 {
// TODO add runtime check that y and yHat have the same dimensions
rows, cols := y.Dims()
errorSquares := []float64{}
for row := 0; row < rows; row++ {
for col := 0; col < cols; col++ {
yValue := y.At(row, col)
yHatValue := yHat.At(row, col)
error := 0.5 * math.Pow((yValue-yHatValue), 2)
errorSquares = append(errorSquares, error)
}
}
var errorSum float64
for _, error := range errorSquares {
errorSum += error
}
return errorSum
}
// UpdateWeights takes an output size * 1 output vector and a size * 1
// back-propagated error vector, as well as a learnRate and updates
// the internal weights matrix.
func (n *Network) UpdateWeights(out, err *mat64.Dense, learnRate float64) {
if n.origWeights == nil {
n.origWeights = mat64.DenseCopyOf(n.weights)
}
// Multiply that by the learning rate
mulFunc := func(target, source int, v float64) float64 {
if target == source {
return v
}
if math.Abs(n.origWeights.At(target, source)) > 0.005 {
return v + learnRate*out.At(source, 0)*err.At(target, 0)
}
return 0.00
}
// Add that to the weights
n.weights.Apply(mulFunc, n.weights)
}
// covToCorr converts a covariance matrix to a correlation matrix.
func covToCorr(c *mat64.Dense) {
// TODO(jonlawlor): use a *mat64.Symmetric as input.
r, _ := c.Dims()
s := make([]float64, r)
for i := 0; i < r; i++ {
s[i] = 1 / math.Sqrt(c.At(i, i))
}
for i, sx := range s {
row := c.RawRowView(i)
for j, sy := range s {
if i == j {
// Ensure that the diagonal has exactly ones.
row[j] = 1
continue
}
row[j] *= sx
row[j] *= sy
}
}
}
func (c *Cranberra) Distance(vectorX *mat64.Dense, vectorY *mat64.Dense) float64 {
r1, c1 := vectorX.Dims()
r2, c2 := vectorY.Dims()
if r1 != r2 || c1 != c2 {
panic(mat64.ErrShape)
}
sum := .0
for i := 0; i < r1; i++ {
for j := 0; j < c1; j++ {
p1 := vectorX.At(i, j)
p2 := vectorY.At(i, j)
num := math.Abs(p1 - p2)
denom := math.Abs(p1) + math.Abs(p2)
sum += cranberraDistanceStep(num, denom)
}
}
return sum
}
func testScaling(t *testing.T, u Scaler, data *mat64.Dense, scaledData *mat64.Dense, name string) {
// Copy data
r, c := data.Dims()
origData := mat64.NewDense(r, c, nil)
for i := 0; i < r; i++ {
for j := 0; j < c; j++ {
origData.Set(i, j, data.At(i, j))
}
}
err := ScaleData(u, data)
if err != nil {
t.Errorf("Error found in ScaleData for case " + name + ": " + err.Error())
}
/*
for i := range data {
if !floats.EqualApprox(data[i], scaledData[i], 1e-14) {
t.Errorf("Improper scaling for case"+name+". Expected: %v, Found: %v", data[i], scaledData[i])
}
}
*/
if !data.EqualsApprox(scaledData, 1e-14) {
t.Errorf("Improper scaling for case"+name+". Expected: %v, Found: %v", scaledData, data)
}
err = UnscaleData(u, data)
if err != nil {
t.Errorf("Error found in UnscaleData for case " + name + ": " + err.Error())
}
if !data.EqualsApprox(origData, 1e-14) {
t.Errorf("Improper unscaling for case"+name+". Expected: %v, Found: %v", origData, data)
}
}
/* Calculates the appropriate power of the next-even transformation matrix
* and returns the coefficients in the linear equation it represents.
*/
func calcTMat(n int) (aa, ab, ba, bb int) {
t1Mat := mat64.NewDense(2, 2, []float64{3, 2, 2, 1})
tMat := new(mat64.Dense)
tMat.Pow(t1Mat, n)
return round(tMat.At(0, 0)),
round(tMat.At(0, 1)),
round(tMat.At(1, 0)),
round(tMat.At(1, 1))
}
func (lr *LinearRegression) Fit(inst base.FixedDataGrid) error {
// Retrieve row size
_, rows := inst.Size()
// Validate class Attribute count
classAttrs := inst.AllClassAttributes()
if len(classAttrs) != 1 {
return fmt.Errorf("Only 1 class variable is permitted")
}
classAttrSpecs := base.ResolveAttributes(inst, classAttrs)
// Retrieve relevant Attributes
allAttrs := base.NonClassAttributes(inst)
attrs := make([]base.Attribute, 0)
for _, a := range allAttrs {
if _, ok := a.(*base.FloatAttribute); ok {
attrs = append(attrs, a)
}
}
cols := len(attrs) + 1
if rows < cols {
return NotEnoughDataError
}
// Retrieve relevant Attribute specifications
attrSpecs := base.ResolveAttributes(inst, attrs)
// Split into two matrices, observed results (dependent variable y)
// and the explanatory variables (X) - see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression
observed := mat64.NewDense(rows, 1, nil)
explVariables := mat64.NewDense(rows, cols, nil)
// Build the observed matrix
inst.MapOverRows(classAttrSpecs, func(row [][]byte, i int) (bool, error) {
val := base.UnpackBytesToFloat(row[0])
observed.Set(i, 0, val)
return true, nil
})
// Build the explainatory variables
inst.MapOverRows(attrSpecs, func(row [][]byte, i int) (bool, error) {
// Set intercepts to 1.0
explVariables.Set(i, 0, 1.0)
for j, r := range row {
explVariables.Set(i, j+1, base.UnpackBytesToFloat(r))
}
return true, nil
})
n := cols
qr := new(mat64.QR)
qr.Factorize(explVariables)
var q, reg mat64.Dense
q.QFromQR(qr)
reg.RFromQR(qr)
var transposed, qty mat64.Dense
transposed.Clone(q.T())
qty.Mul(&transposed, observed)
regressionCoefficients := make([]float64, n)
for i := n - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
regressionCoefficients[i] = qty.At(i, 0)
for j := i + 1; j < n; j++ {
regressionCoefficients[i] -= regressionCoefficients[j] * reg.At(i, j)
}
regressionCoefficients[i] /= reg.At(i, i)
}
lr.disturbance = regressionCoefficients[0]
lr.regressionCoefficients = regressionCoefficients[1:]
lr.fitted = true
lr.attrs = attrs
lr.cls = classAttrs[0]
return nil
}
// ConditionNormal returns the Normal distribution that is the receiver conditioned
// on the input evidence. The returned multivariate normal has dimension
// n - len(observed), where n is the dimension of the original receiver. The updated
// mean and covariance are
// mu = mu_un + sigma_{ob,un}^T * sigma_{ob,ob}^-1 (v - mu_ob)
// sigma = sigma_{un,un} - sigma_{ob,un}^T * sigma_{ob,ob}^-1 * sigma_{ob,un}
// where mu_un and mu_ob are the original means of the unobserved and observed
// variables respectively, sigma_{un,un} is the unobserved subset of the covariance
// matrix, sigma_{ob,ob} is the observed subset of the covariance matrix, and
// sigma_{un,ob} are the cross terms. The elements of x_2 have been observed with
// values v. The dimension order is preserved during conditioning, so if the value
// of dimension 1 is observed, the returned normal represents dimensions {0, 2, ...}
// of the original Normal distribution.
//
// ConditionNormal returns {nil, false} if there is a failure during the update.
// Mathematically this is impossible, but can occur with finite precision arithmetic.
func (n *Normal) ConditionNormal(observed []int, values []float64, src *rand.Rand) (*Normal, bool) {
if len(observed) == 0 {
panic("normal: no observed value")
}
if len(observed) != len(values) {
panic("normal: input slice length mismatch")
}
for _, v := range observed {
if v < 0 || v >= n.Dim() {
panic("normal: observed value out of bounds")
}
}
ob := len(observed)
unob := n.Dim() - ob
obMap := make(map[int]struct{})
for _, v := range observed {
if _, ok := obMap[v]; ok {
panic("normal: observed dimension occurs twice")
}
obMap[v] = struct{}{}
}
if len(observed) == n.Dim() {
panic("normal: all dimensions observed")
}
unobserved := make([]int, 0, unob)
for i := 0; i < n.Dim(); i++ {
if _, ok := obMap[i]; !ok {
unobserved = append(unobserved, i)
}
}
mu1 := make([]float64, unob)
for i, v := range unobserved {
mu1[i] = n.mu[v]
}
mu2 := make([]float64, ob) // really v - mu2
for i, v := range observed {
mu2[i] = values[i] - n.mu[v]
}
n.setSigma()
var sigma11, sigma22 mat64.SymDense
sigma11.SubsetSym(n.sigma, unobserved)
sigma22.SubsetSym(n.sigma, observed)
sigma21 := mat64.NewDense(ob, unob, nil)
for i, r := range observed {
for j, c := range unobserved {
v := n.sigma.At(r, c)
sigma21.Set(i, j, v)
}
}
var chol mat64.Cholesky
ok := chol.Factorize(&sigma22)
if !ok {
return nil, ok
}
// Compute sigma_{2,1}^T * sigma_{2,2}^-1 (v - mu_2).
v := mat64.NewVector(ob, mu2)
var tmp, tmp2 mat64.Vector
err := tmp.SolveCholeskyVec(&chol, v)
if err != nil {
return nil, false
}
tmp2.MulVec(sigma21.T(), &tmp)
// Compute sigma_{2,1}^T * sigma_{2,2}^-1 * sigma_{2,1}.
// TODO(btracey): Should this be a method of SymDense?
var tmp3, tmp4 mat64.Dense
err = tmp3.SolveCholesky(&chol, sigma21)
if err != nil {
return nil, false
}
tmp4.Mul(sigma21.T(), &tmp3)
for i := range mu1 {
mu1[i] += tmp2.At(i, 0)
}
// TODO(btracey): If tmp2 can constructed with a method, then this can be
// replaced with SubSym.
for i := 0; i < len(unobserved); i++ {
for j := i; j < len(unobserved); j++ {
v := sigma11.At(i, j)
sigma11.SetSym(i, j, v-tmp4.At(i, j))
}
}
return NewNormal(mu1, &sigma11, src)
}