// UnmarshalJSON converts the JSON representation of a FixError back to a FixError
func UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) (*FixError, error) {
var u struct {
Type string
Cert []byte
Chain [][]byte
URL string
Bad []byte
Error string
Code int
}
err := json.Unmarshal(b, &u)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ferr := &FixError{}
switch u.Type {
case "None":
ferr.Type = None
case "ParseFailure":
ferr.Type = ParseFailure
case "CannotFetchURL":
ferr.Type = CannotFetchURL
case "FixFailed":
ferr.Type = FixFailed
case "PostFailed":
ferr.Type = PostFailed
case "LogPostFailed":
ferr.Type = LogPostFailed
case "VerifyFailed":
ferr.Type = VerifyFailed
default:
return nil, errors.New("cannot parse FixError Type")
}
if u.Cert != nil {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(u.Cert)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse FixError Cert: %s", err)
}
ferr.Cert = cert
}
for _, c := range u.Chain {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(c)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse FixError Chain: %s", err)
}
ferr.Chain = append(ferr.Chain, cert)
}
ferr.URL = u.URL
ferr.Bad = u.Bad
if u.Error != "" {
ferr.Error = errors.New(u.Error)
}
ferr.Code = u.Code
return ferr, nil
}
// Assumes chains to be stores in a file in JSON encoded with the certificates
// in DER format.
func processChains(file string, fl *fixchain.FixAndLog) {
f, err := os.Open(file)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Can't open %q: %s", file, err)
}
defer f.Close()
type Chain struct {
Chain [][]byte
}
dec := json.NewDecoder(f)
for {
var m Chain
if err := dec.Decode(&m); err == io.EOF {
break
} else if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
var chain []*x509.Certificate
for _, derBytes := range m.Chain {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(derBytes)
switch err.(type) {
case nil, x509.NonFatalErrors:
// ignore
default:
log.Fatalf("can't parse certificate: %s %#v",
err, derBytes)
}
chain = append(chain, cert)
}
fl.QueueAllCertsInChain(chain)
}
}
// Processes the given |entry| in the specified log.
func (s *Scanner) processEntry(entry ct.LogEntry, foundCert func(*ct.LogEntry), foundPrecert func(*ct.LogEntry)) {
atomic.AddInt64(&s.certsProcessed, 1)
switch entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.EntryType {
case ct.X509LogEntryType:
if s.opts.PrecertOnly {
// Only interested in precerts and this is an X.509 cert, early-out.
return
}
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.X509Entry)
if err = s.handleParseEntryError(err, entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.EntryType, entry.Index); err != nil {
// We hit an unparseable entry, already logged inside handleParseEntryError()
return
}
if s.opts.Matcher.CertificateMatches(cert) {
entry.X509Cert = cert
foundCert(&entry)
}
case ct.PrecertLogEntryType:
c, err := x509.ParseTBSCertificate(entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.PrecertEntry.TBSCertificate)
if err = s.handleParseEntryError(err, entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.EntryType, entry.Index); err != nil {
// We hit an unparseable entry, already logged inside handleParseEntryError()
return
}
precert := &ct.Precertificate{
Raw: entry.Chain[0],
TBSCertificate: *c,
IssuerKeyHash: entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.PrecertEntry.IssuerKeyHash}
if s.opts.Matcher.PrecertificateMatches(precert) {
entry.Precert = precert
foundPrecert(&entry)
}
atomic.AddInt64(&s.precertsSeen, 1)
}
}
func (edb *EntriesDatabase) InsertCensysEntry(entry *censysdata.CensysEntry) error {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(entry.CertBytes)
if err != nil {
return err
}
txn, certId, err := edb.insertCertificate(cert)
if err != nil {
if edb.Verbose {
fmt.Printf("Error inserting cert, %s\n", err)
}
if txn != nil {
txn.Rollback()
}
return err
}
//
// Insert the appropriate CensysEntry
//
certEntry := &CensysEntry{
CertID: certId,
EntryTime: *entry.Timestamp,
}
// Ignore errors on insertion for Censys entry markers
err = txn.Insert(certEntry)
if errorIsNotDuplicate(err) {
return err
}
return txn.Commit()
}
func (l *Logger) getRoots() (*x509.CertPool, error) {
rootsJSON, err := l.client.Get(l.url + "/ct/v1/get-roots")
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't get roots from %s: %s", l.url, err)
}
defer rootsJSON.Body.Close()
j, err := ioutil.ReadAll(rootsJSON.Body)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't read body from %s: %s", l.url, err)
}
if rootsJSON.StatusCode != 200 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't deal with status other than 200 from %s: %d\nbody: %s", l.url, rootsJSON.StatusCode, string(j))
}
type Certificates struct {
Certificates [][]byte
}
var certs Certificates
err = json.Unmarshal(j, &certs)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't parse json (%s) from %s: %s", err, l.url, j)
}
ret := x509.NewCertPool()
for i := 0; i < len(certs.Certificates); i++ {
r, err := x509.ParseCertificate(certs.Certificates[i])
switch err.(type) {
case nil, x509.NonFatalErrors:
// ignore
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't parse certificate from %s: %s %#v", l.url, err, certs.Certificates[i])
}
ret.AddCert(r)
}
return ret, nil
}
func urlReplacement(url string) []*x509.Certificate {
cs, ok := replacements[url]
if !ok {
return nil
}
var r []*x509.Certificate
for _, c := range cs {
s, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(c))
if s == nil {
log.Fatalf("Can't decode built-in: %s", c)
return nil
}
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(s.Bytes)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Can't parse built-in: %s\n%s", c, err)
return nil
}
if cert == nil {
log.Fatalf("Parse didn't produce a cert: %s", c)
return nil
}
r = append(r, cert)
}
return r
}
// CertificateFromPEM takes a string representing a certificate in PEM format
// and returns the corresponding x509.Certificate object.
func CertificateFromPEM(pemBytes string) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(pemBytes))
if block == nil {
return nil, errors.New("failed to decode PEM")
}
return x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
}
func (edb *EntriesDatabase) InsertCTEntry(entry *ct.LogEntry) error {
var cert *x509.Certificate
var err error
switch entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.EntryType {
case ct.X509LogEntryType:
cert, err = x509.ParseCertificate(entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.X509Entry)
case ct.PrecertLogEntryType:
cert, err = x509.ParseTBSCertificate(entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.PrecertEntry.TBSCertificate)
}
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Skip unimportant entries, if configured
if edb.IssuerFilter != nil && !strings.HasPrefix(cert.Issuer.CommonName, *edb.IssuerFilter) {
return nil
}
backoff := &backoff.Backoff{
Jitter: true,
}
for count := 0; count < 10; count++ {
txn, certId, err := edb.insertCertificate(cert)
if err != nil {
if edb.Verbose {
fmt.Printf("Error inserting cert, retrying (%d/10) %s\n", count, err)
}
if txn != nil {
txn.Rollback()
}
time.Sleep(backoff.Duration())
continue
}
//
// Insert the appropriate CertificateLogEntry, ignoring errors if there was a collision
//
certLogEntry := &CertificateLogEntry{
CertID: certId,
LogID: edb.LogId,
EntryID: uint64(entry.Index),
EntryTime: Uint64ToTimestamp(entry.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.Timestamp),
}
err = txn.Insert(certLogEntry)
if errorIsNotDuplicate(err) {
txn.Rollback()
continue
}
return txn.Commit()
}
return err
}
// Get the certs that correspond to the given url.
func (fix *toFix) getIntermediates(url string) ([]*x509.Certificate, *FixError) {
var icerts []*x509.Certificate
// PKCS#7 additions as (at time of writing) there is no standard Go PKCS#7
// implementation
r := urlReplacement(url)
if r != nil {
return r, nil
}
body, err := fix.cache.getURL(url)
if err != nil {
return nil, &FixError{
Type: CannotFetchURL,
Cert: fix.cert,
Chain: fix.chain.certs,
URL: url,
Error: err,
}
}
icert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(body)
if err != nil {
s, _ := pem.Decode(body)
if s != nil {
icert, err = x509.ParseCertificate(s.Bytes)
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, &FixError{
Type: ParseFailure,
Cert: fix.cert,
Chain: fix.chain.certs,
URL: url,
Bad: body,
Error: err,
}
}
icerts = append(icerts, icert)
return icerts, nil
}
func getRoots(ctx context.Context, logClient *client.LogClient) {
roots, err := logClient.GetAcceptedRoots(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
for _, root := range roots {
if *textOut {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(root)
if err != nil {
log.Printf("Error parsing certificate: %q", err.Error())
continue
}
fmt.Printf("%s\n", x509util.CertificateToString(cert))
} else {
if err := pem.Encode(os.Stdout, &pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: root}); err != nil {
log.Printf("Failed to PEM encode cert: %q", err.Error())
}
}
}
}
func sysCerts() (certs []*x509.Certificate, err error) {
cmd := exec.Command("/usr/bin/security", "find-certificate", "-a", "-p", "/System/Library/Keychains/SystemRootCertificates.keychain")
data, err := cmd.Output()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
for len(data) > 0 {
var block *pem.Block
block, data = pem.Decode(data)
if block == nil {
break
}
if block.Type != "CERTIFICATE" || len(block.Headers) != 0 {
continue
}
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
if err != nil {
continue
}
certs = append(certs, cert)
}
return certs, nil
}
// X509Certificate returns the X.509 Certificate contained within the
// MerkleTreeLeaf.
// Returns a pointer to an x509.Certificate or a non-nil error.
func (m *MerkleTreeLeaf) X509Certificate() (*x509.Certificate, error) {
return x509.ParseCertificate(m.TimestampedEntry.X509Entry)
}
func (rt testRoundTripper) RoundTrip(request *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
url := fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s%s", request.URL.Scheme, request.URL.Host, request.URL.Path)
switch url {
case "https://ct.googleapis.com/pilot/ct/v1/get-roots":
b := stringRootsToJSON([]string{verisignRoot, testRoot})
return &http.Response{
Status: "200 OK",
StatusCode: 200,
Proto: request.Proto,
ProtoMajor: request.ProtoMajor,
ProtoMinor: request.ProtoMinor,
Body: &bytesReadCloser{bytes.NewReader(b)},
ContentLength: int64(len(b)),
Request: request,
}, nil
case "https://ct.googleapis.com/pilot/ct/v1/add-chain":
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(request.Body)
request.Body.Close()
if err != nil {
errStr := fmt.Sprintf("#%d: Could not read request body: %s", rt.testIndex, err.Error())
rt.t.Error(errStr)
return nil, errors.New(errStr)
}
type Chain struct {
Chain [][]byte
}
var chainBytes Chain
err = json.Unmarshal(body, &chainBytes)
if err != nil {
errStr := fmt.Sprintf("#%d: Could not unmarshal json: %s", rt.testIndex, err.Error())
rt.t.Error(errStr)
return nil, errors.New(errStr)
}
var chain []*x509.Certificate
for _, certBytes := range chainBytes.Chain {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(certBytes)
if err != nil {
errStr := fmt.Sprintf("#%d: Could not parse certificate: %s", rt.testIndex, err.Error())
rt.t.Error(errStr)
return nil, errors.New(errStr)
}
chain = append(chain, cert)
}
TryNextExpected:
for i, expChain := range rt.test.expLoggedChains {
if rt.seen[i] || len(chain) != len(expChain) {
continue
}
for j, cert := range chain {
if !strings.Contains(nameToKey(&cert.Subject), expChain[j]) {
continue TryNextExpected
}
}
rt.seen[i] = true
goto Return
}
rt.t.Errorf("#%d: Logged chain was not expected: %s", rt.testIndex, chainToDebugString(chain))
Return:
return &http.Response{
Status: "200 OK",
StatusCode: 200,
Proto: request.Proto,
ProtoMajor: request.ProtoMajor,
ProtoMinor: request.ProtoMinor,
Body: &bytesReadCloser{bytes.NewReader([]byte(""))},
ContentLength: 0,
Request: request,
}, nil
default:
var cert string
switch url {
case "http://www.thawte.com/repository/Thawte_SGC_CA.crt":
cert = thawteIntermediate
case "http://crt.comodoca.com/EssentialSSLCA_2.crt":
cert = comodoIntermediate
case "http://crt.comodoca.com/ComodoUTNSGCCA.crt":
cert = comodoRoot
case "http://www.example.com/intermediate2.crt":
cert = testIntermediate2
case "http://www.example.com/intermediate1.crt":
cert = testIntermediate1
case "http://www.example.com/ca.crt":
cert = testRoot
case "http://www.example.com/a.crt":
cert = testA
case "http://www.example.com/b.crt":
cert = testB
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't reach url %s", url)
}
return &http.Response{
Status: "200 OK",
StatusCode: 200,
Proto: request.Proto,
ProtoMajor: request.ProtoMajor,
ProtoMinor: request.ProtoMinor,
Body: &bytesReadCloser{bytes.NewReader([]byte(cert))},
ContentLength: int64(len([]byte(cert))),
Request: request,
}, nil
}
}
func main() {
var (
err error
offset int
)
// create a certificate transparency client
ctLog := client.New("http://ct.googleapis.com/aviator", nil)
httpCli := &http.Client{
Transport: &http.Transport{
DisableCompression: true,
DisableKeepAlives: false,
},
Timeout: 10 * time.Second,
}
if len(os.Args) > 1 {
offset, err = strconv.Atoi(os.Args[1])
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
for {
log.Printf("retrieving CT logs %d to %d", offset, offset+100)
rawEnts, err := ctLog.GetEntries(int64(offset), int64(offset+100))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// loop over CT records
for i, ent := range rawEnts {
log.Printf("CT index=%d", offset+i)
var cert *x509.Certificate
switch ent.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.EntryType {
case ct.X509LogEntryType:
cert, err = x509.ParseCertificate(ent.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.X509Entry)
case ct.PrecertLogEntryType:
cert, err = x509.ParseTBSCertificate(ent.Leaf.TimestampedEntry.PrecertEntry.TBSCertificate)
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
log.Printf("CN=%s", cert.Subject.CommonName)
log.Printf("Not Before=%s", cert.NotBefore)
log.Printf("Not After=%s", cert.NotAfter)
// Format the PEM certificate
payload := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(cert.Raw)
buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
fmt.Fprintf(buf, "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n")
for len(payload) > 0 {
chunkLen := len(payload)
if chunkLen > 64 {
chunkLen = 64
}
fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s\n", payload[0:chunkLen])
payload = payload[chunkLen:]
}
fmt.Fprintf(buf, "-----END CERTIFICATE-----")
// create a mime/multipart form with the certificate
var b bytes.Buffer
w := multipart.NewWriter(&b)
fw, err := w.CreateFormFile("certificate", certificate.SHA256Hash(cert.Raw))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = io.Copy(fw, buf)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
w.Close()
// post the form to the tls-observatory api
r, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://tls-observatory.services.mozilla.com/api/v1/certificate", &b)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
r.Header.Set("Content-Type", w.FormDataContentType())
resp, err := httpCli.Do(r)
if err != nil {
log.Printf("%v\n\n", err)
continue
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusCreated {
log.Fatalf("Expected HTTP 201 Created, got %q\n%s", resp.Status, body)
}
// parse the returned cert
var tlsobs_cert certificate.Certificate
err = json.Unmarshal(body, &tlsobs_cert)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
log.Printf("https://tls-observatory.services.mozilla.com/api/v1/certificate?id=%d\n\n", tlsobs_cert.ID)
}
offset += 100
}
}
func ExampleCertificate_Verify() {
// Verifying with a custom list of root certificates.
const rootPEM = `
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
const certPEM = `
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
// First, create the set of root certificates. For this example we only
// have one. It's also possible to omit this in order to use the
// default root set of the current operating system.
roots := x509.NewCertPool()
ok := roots.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(rootPEM))
if !ok {
panic("failed to parse root certificate")
}
block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(certPEM))
if block == nil {
panic("failed to parse certificate PEM")
}
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
if err != nil {
panic("failed to parse certificate: " + err.Error())
}
opts := x509.VerifyOptions{
DNSName: "mail.google.com",
Roots: roots,
}
if _, err := cert.Verify(opts); err != nil {
panic("failed to verify certificate: " + err.Error())
}
}