// Importance sampling generates rows(batch) samples from the proposal distribution,
// and stores the locations and importance sampling weights in place.
//
// Importance sampling is a variance reduction technique where samples are
// generated from a proposal distribution, q(x), instead of the target distribution
// p(x). This allows relatively unlikely samples in p(x) to be generated more frequently.
//
// The importance sampling weight at x is given by p(x)/q(x). To reduce variance,
// a good proposal distribution will bound this sampling weight. This implies the
// support of q(x) should be at least as broad as p(x), and q(x) should be "fatter tailed"
// than p(x).
//
// If weights is nil, the weights are not stored. The length of weights must equal
// the length of batch, otherwise Importance will panic.
func Importance(batch *mat64.Dense, weights []float64, target distmv.LogProber, proposal distmv.RandLogProber) {
r, _ := batch.Dims()
if r != len(weights) {
panic(badLengthMismatch)
}
for i := 0; i < r; i++ {
v := batch.RawRowView(i)
proposal.Rand(v)
weights[i] = math.Exp(target.LogProb(v) - proposal.LogProb(v))
}
}
// Rejection generates rows(batch) samples using the rejection sampling algorithm and
// stores them in place into samples.
// Sampling continues until batch is filled. Rejection returns the total number of proposed
// locations and a boolean indicating if the rejection sampling assumption is
// violated (see details below). If the returned boolean is false, all elements
// of samples are set to NaN. If src != nil, it will be used to generate random
// numbers, otherwise rand.Float64 will be used.
//
// Rejection sampling generates points from the target distribution by using
// the proposal distribution. At each step of the algorithm, the proposaed point
// is accepted with probability
// p = target(x) / (proposal(x) * c)
// where target(x) is the probability of the point according to the target distribution
// and proposal(x) is the probability according to the proposal distribution.
// The constant c must be chosen such that target(x) < proposal(x) * c for all x.
// The expected number of proposed samples is len(samples) * c.
//
// Target may return the true (log of) the probablity of the location, or it may return
// a value that is proportional to the probability (logprob + constant). This is
// useful for cases where the probability distribution is only known up to a normalization
// constant.
func Rejection(batch *mat64.Dense, target distmv.LogProber, proposal distmv.RandLogProber, c float64, src *rand.Rand) (nProposed int, ok bool) {
if c < 1 {
panic("rejection: acceptance constant must be greater than 1")
}
f64 := rand.Float64
if src != nil {
f64 = src.Float64
}
r, dim := batch.Dims()
v := make([]float64, dim)
var idx int
for {
nProposed++
proposal.Rand(v)
qx := proposal.LogProb(v)
px := target.LogProb(v)
accept := math.Exp(px-qx) / c
if accept > 1 {
// Invalidate the whole result and return a failure.
for i := 0; i < r; i++ {
for j := 0; j < dim; j++ {
batch.Set(i, j, math.NaN())
}
}
return nProposed, false
}
if accept > f64() {
batch.SetRow(idx, v)
idx++
if idx == r {
break
}
}
}
return nProposed, true
}