// checkTransactionStandard performs a series of checks on a transaction to
// ensure it is a "standard" transaction. A standard transaction is one that
// conforms to several additional limiting cases over what is considered a
// "sane" transaction such as having a version in the supported range, being
// finalized, conforming to more stringent size constraints, having scripts
// of recognized forms, and not containing "dust" outputs (those that are
// so small it costs more to process them than they are worth).
func checkTransactionStandard(tx *btcutil.Tx, height int64) error {
msgTx := tx.MsgTx()
// The transaction must be a currently supported version.
if msgTx.Version > btcwire.TxVersion || msgTx.Version < 1 {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction version %d is not in the "+
"valid range of %d-%d", msgTx.Version, 1,
btcwire.TxVersion)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
// The transaction must be finalized to be standard and therefore
// considered for inclusion in a block.
if !btcchain.IsFinalizedTransaction(tx, height, time.Now()) {
return TxRuleError("transaction is not finalized")
}
// Since extremely large transactions with a lot of inputs can cost
// almost as much to process as the sender fees, limit the maximum
// size of a transaction. This also helps mitigate CPU exhaustion
// attacks.
serializedLen := msgTx.SerializeSize()
if serializedLen > maxStandardTxSize {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction size of %v is larger than max "+
"allowed size of %v", serializedLen, maxStandardTxSize)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
for i, txIn := range msgTx.TxIn {
// Each transaction input signature script must not exceed the
// maximum size allowed for a standard transaction. See
// the comment on maxStandardSigScriptSize for more details.
sigScriptLen := len(txIn.SignatureScript)
if sigScriptLen > maxStandardSigScriptSize {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction input %d: signature "+
"script size of %d bytes is large than max "+
"allowed size of %d bytes", i, sigScriptLen,
maxStandardSigScriptSize)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
// Each transaction input signature script must only contain
// opcodes which push data onto the stack.
if !btcscript.IsPushOnlyScript(txIn.SignatureScript) {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction input %d: signature "+
"script is not push only", i)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
// Each transaction input signature script must only contain
// canonical data pushes. A canonical data push is one where
// the minimum possible number of bytes is used to represent
// the data push as possible.
if !btcscript.HasCanonicalPushes(txIn.SignatureScript) {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction input %d: signature "+
"script has a non-canonical data push", i)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
}
// None of the output public key scripts can be a non-standard script or
// be "dust".
numNullDataOutputs := 0
for i, txOut := range msgTx.TxOut {
scriptClass := btcscript.GetScriptClass(txOut.PkScript)
err := checkPkScriptStandard(txOut.PkScript, scriptClass)
if err != nil {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output %d: %v", i, err)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
// Accumulate the number of outputs which only carry data.
if scriptClass == btcscript.NullDataTy {
numNullDataOutputs++
}
if isDust(txOut) {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output %d: payment "+
"of %d is dust", i, txOut.Value)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
}
// A standard transaction must not have more than one output script that
// only carries data.
if numNullDataOutputs > 1 {
return TxRuleError("more than one transaction output is a " +
"nulldata script")
}
return nil
}
// NewBlockTemplate returns a new block template that is ready to be solved
// using the transactions from the passed transaction memory pool and a coinbase
// that either pays to the passed address if it is not nil, or a coinbase that
// is redeemable by anyone if the passed address is nil. The nil address
// functionality is useful since there are cases such as the getblocktemplate
// RPC where external mining software is responsible for creating their own
// coinbase which will replace the one generated for the block template. Thus
// the need to have configured address can be avoided.
//
// The transactions selected and included are prioritized according to several
// factors. First, each transaction has a priority calculated based on its
// value, age of inputs, and size. Transactions which consist of larger
// amounts, older inputs, and small sizes have the highest priority. Second, a
// fee per kilobyte is calculated for each transaction. Transactions with a
// higher fee per kilobyte are preferred. Finally, the block generation related
// configuration options are all taken into account.
//
// Transactions which only spend outputs from other transactions already in the
// block chain are immediately added to a priority queue which either
// prioritizes based on the priority (then fee per kilobyte) or the fee per
// kilobyte (then priority) depending on whether or not the BlockPrioritySize
// configuration option allots space for high-priority transactions.
// Transactions which spend outputs from other transactions in the memory pool
// are added to a dependency map so they can be added to the priority queue once
// the transactions they depend on have been included.
//
// Once the high-priority area (if configured) has been filled with transactions,
// or the priority falls below what is considered high-priority, the priority
// queue is updated to prioritize by fees per kilobyte (then priority).
//
// When the fees per kilobyte drop below the TxMinFreeFee configuration option,
// the transaction will be skipped unless there is a BlockMinSize set, in which
// case the block will be filled with the low-fee/free transactions until the
// block size reaches that minimum size.
//
// Any transactions which would cause the block to exceed the BlockMaxSize
// configuration option, exceed the maximum allowed signature operations per
// block, or otherwise cause the block to be invalid are skipped.
//
// Given the above, a block generated by this function is of the following form:
//
// ----------------------------------- -- --
// | Coinbase Transaction | | |
// |-----------------------------------| | |
// | | | | ----- cfg.BlockPrioritySize
// | High-priority Transactions | | |
// | | | |
// |-----------------------------------| | --
// | | |
// | | |
// | | |--- cfg.BlockMaxSize
// | Transactions prioritized by fee | |
// | until <= cfg.TxMinFreeFee | |
// | | |
// | | |
// | | |
// |-----------------------------------| |
// | Low-fee/Non high-priority (free) | |
// | transactions (while block size | |
// | <= cfg.BlockMinSize) | |
// ----------------------------------- --
func NewBlockTemplate(mempool *txMemPool, payToAddress btcutil.Address) (*BlockTemplate, error) {
blockManager := mempool.server.blockManager
chainState := &blockManager.chainState
chain := blockManager.blockChain
// Extend the most recently known best block.
chainState.Lock()
prevHash := chainState.newestHash
nextBlockHeight := chainState.newestHeight + 1
chainState.Unlock()
// Create a standard coinbase transaction paying to the provided
// address. NOTE: The coinbase value will be updated to include the
// fees from the selected transactions later after they have actually
// been selected. It is created here to detect any errors early
// before potentially doing a lot of work below. The extra nonce helps
// ensure the transaction is not a duplicate transaction (paying the
// same value to the same public key address would otherwise be an
// identical transaction for block version 1).
extraNonce := uint64(0)
coinbaseScript := standardCoinbaseScript(nextBlockHeight, extraNonce)
coinbaseTx, err := createCoinbaseTx(coinbaseScript, nextBlockHeight,
payToAddress)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
numCoinbaseSigOps := int64(btcchain.CountSigOps(coinbaseTx))
// Get the current memory pool transactions and create a priority queue
// to hold the transactions which are ready for inclusion into a block
// along with some priority related and fee metadata. Reserve the same
// number of items that are in the memory pool for the priority queue.
// Also, choose the initial sort order for the priority queue based on
// whether or not there is an area allocated for high-priority
// transactions.
mempoolTxns := mempool.TxDescs()
sortedByFee := cfg.BlockPrioritySize == 0
priorityQueue := newTxPriorityQueue(len(mempoolTxns), sortedByFee)
// Create a slice to hold the transactions to be included in the
// generated block with reserved space. Also create a transaction
// store to house all of the input transactions so multiple lookups
// can be avoided.
blockTxns := make([]*btcutil.Tx, 0, len(mempoolTxns))
blockTxns = append(blockTxns, coinbaseTx)
blockTxStore := make(btcchain.TxStore)
// dependers is used to track transactions which depend on another
// transaction in the memory pool. This, in conjunction with the
// dependsOn map kept with each dependent transaction helps quickly
// determine which dependent transactions are now eligible for inclusion
// in the block once each transaction has been included.
dependers := make(map[btcwire.ShaHash]*list.List)
// Create slices to hold the fees and number of signature operations
// for each of the selected transactions and add an entry for the
// coinbase. This allows the code below to simply append details about
// a transaction as it is selected for inclusion in the final block.
// However, since the total fees aren't known yet, use a dummy value for
// the coinbase fee which will be updated later.
txFees := make([]int64, 0, len(mempoolTxns))
txSigOpCounts := make([]int64, 0, len(mempoolTxns))
txFees = append(txFees, -1) // Updated once known
txSigOpCounts = append(txSigOpCounts, numCoinbaseSigOps)
minrLog.Debugf("Considering %d mempool transactions for inclusion to "+
"new block", len(mempoolTxns))
mempoolLoop:
for _, txDesc := range mempoolTxns {
// A block can't have more than one coinbase or contain
// non-finalized transactions.
tx := txDesc.Tx
if btcchain.IsCoinBase(tx) {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping coinbase tx %s", tx.Sha())
continue
}
if !btcchain.IsFinalizedTransaction(tx, nextBlockHeight, time.Now()) {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping non-finalized tx %s", tx.Sha())
continue
}
// Fetch all of the transactions referenced by the inputs to
// this transaction. NOTE: This intentionally does not fetch
// inputs from the mempool since a transaction which depends on
// other transactions in the mempool must come after those
// dependencies in the final generated block.
txStore, err := chain.FetchTransactionStore(tx)
if err != nil {
minrLog.Warnf("Unable to fetch transaction store for "+
"tx %s: %v", tx.Sha(), err)
continue
}
// Calculate the input value age sum for the transaction. This
// is comprised of the sum all of input amounts multiplied by
// their respective age (number of confirmations since the
// referenced input transaction). While doing the above, also
// setup dependencies for any transactions which reference other
// transactions in the mempool so they can be properly ordered
// below.
prioItem := &txPrioItem{tx: txDesc.Tx}
inputValueAge := float64(0.0)
for _, txIn := range tx.MsgTx().TxIn {
originHash := &txIn.PreviousOutPoint.Hash
originIndex := txIn.PreviousOutPoint.Index
txData, exists := txStore[*originHash]
if !exists || txData.Err != nil || txData.Tx == nil {
if !mempool.HaveTransaction(originHash) {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s because "+
"it references tx %s which is "+
"not available", tx.Sha,
originHash)
continue mempoolLoop
}
// The transaction is referencing another
// transaction in the memory pool, so setup an
// ordering dependency.
depList, exists := dependers[*originHash]
if !exists {
depList = list.New()
dependers[*originHash] = depList
}
depList.PushBack(prioItem)
if prioItem.dependsOn == nil {
prioItem.dependsOn = make(
map[btcwire.ShaHash]struct{})
}
prioItem.dependsOn[*originHash] = struct{}{}
// No need to calculate or sum input value age
// for this input since it's zero due to
// the input age multiplier of 0.
continue
}
// Ensure the output index in the referenced transaction
// is available.
msgTx := txData.Tx.MsgTx()
if originIndex > uint32(len(msgTx.TxOut)) {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s because "+
"it references output %d of tx %s "+
"which is out of bounds", tx.Sha,
originIndex, originHash)
continue mempoolLoop
}
// Sum the input value times age.
originTxOut := txData.Tx.MsgTx().TxOut[originIndex]
inputValue := originTxOut.Value
inputAge := nextBlockHeight - txData.BlockHeight
inputValueAge += float64(inputValue * inputAge)
}
// Calculate the final transaction priority using the input
// value age sum as well as the adjusted transaction size. The
// formula is: sum(inputValue * inputAge) / adjustedTxSize
txSize := tx.MsgTx().SerializeSize()
prioItem.priority = calcPriority(tx, txSize, inputValueAge)
// Calculate the fee in Satoshi/KB.
// NOTE: This is a more precise value than the one calculated
// during calcMinRelayFee which rounds up to the nearest full
// kilobyte boundary. This is beneficial since it provides an
// incentive to create smaller transactions.
prioItem.feePerKB = float64(txDesc.Fee) / (float64(txSize) / 1000)
prioItem.fee = txDesc.Fee
// Add the transaction to the priority queue to mark it ready
// for inclusion in the block unless it has dependencies.
if prioItem.dependsOn == nil {
heap.Push(priorityQueue, prioItem)
}
// Merge the store which contains all of the input transactions
// for this transaction into the input transaction store. This
// allows the code below to avoid a second lookup.
mergeTxStore(blockTxStore, txStore)
}
minrLog.Tracef("Priority queue len %d, dependers len %d",
priorityQueue.Len(), len(dependers))
// The starting block size is the size of the block header plus the max
// possible transaction count size, plus the size of the coinbase
// transaction.
blockSize := blockHeaderOverhead + uint32(coinbaseTx.MsgTx().SerializeSize())
blockSigOps := numCoinbaseSigOps
totalFees := int64(0)
// Choose which transactions make it into the block.
for priorityQueue.Len() > 0 {
// Grab the highest priority (or highest fee per kilobyte
// depending on the sort order) transaction.
prioItem := heap.Pop(priorityQueue).(*txPrioItem)
tx := prioItem.tx
// Grab the list of transactions which depend on this one (if
// any) and remove the entry for this transaction as it will
// either be included or skipped, but in either case the deps
// are no longer needed.
deps := dependers[*tx.Sha()]
delete(dependers, *tx.Sha())
// Enforce maximum block size. Also check for overflow.
txSize := uint32(tx.MsgTx().SerializeSize())
blockPlusTxSize := blockSize + txSize
if blockPlusTxSize < blockSize || blockPlusTxSize >= cfg.BlockMaxSize {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s because it would exceed "+
"the max block size", tx.Sha())
logSkippedDeps(tx, deps)
continue
}
// Enforce maximum signature operations per block. Also check
// for overflow.
numSigOps := int64(btcchain.CountSigOps(tx))
if blockSigOps+numSigOps < blockSigOps ||
blockSigOps+numSigOps > btcchain.MaxSigOpsPerBlock {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s because it would "+
"exceed the maximum sigops per block", tx.Sha())
logSkippedDeps(tx, deps)
continue
}
numP2SHSigOps, err := btcchain.CountP2SHSigOps(tx, false,
blockTxStore)
if err != nil {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s due to error in "+
"CountP2SHSigOps: %v", tx.Sha(), err)
logSkippedDeps(tx, deps)
continue
}
numSigOps += int64(numP2SHSigOps)
if blockSigOps+numSigOps < blockSigOps ||
blockSigOps+numSigOps > btcchain.MaxSigOpsPerBlock {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s because it would "+
"exceed the maximum sigops per block (p2sh)",
tx.Sha())
logSkippedDeps(tx, deps)
continue
}
// Skip free transactions once the block is larger than the
// minimum block size.
if sortedByFee && prioItem.feePerKB < minTxRelayFee &&
blockPlusTxSize >= cfg.BlockMinSize {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s with feePerKB %.2f "+
"< minTxRelayFee %d and block size %d >= "+
"minBlockSize %d", tx.Sha(), prioItem.feePerKB,
minTxRelayFee, blockPlusTxSize,
cfg.BlockMinSize)
logSkippedDeps(tx, deps)
continue
}
// Prioritize by fee per kilobyte once the block is larger than
// the priority size or there are no more high-priority
// transactions.
if !sortedByFee && (blockPlusTxSize >= cfg.BlockPrioritySize ||
prioItem.priority <= minHighPriority) {
minrLog.Tracef("Switching to sort by fees per "+
"kilobyte blockSize %d >= BlockPrioritySize "+
"%d || priority %.2f <= minHighPriority %.2f",
blockPlusTxSize, cfg.BlockPrioritySize,
prioItem.priority, minHighPriority)
sortedByFee = true
priorityQueue.SetLessFunc(txPQByFee)
// Put the transaction back into the priority queue and
// skip it so it is re-priortized by fees if it won't
// fit into the high-priority section or the priority is
// too low. Otherwise this transaction will be the
// final one in the high-priority section, so just fall
// though to the code below so it is added now.
if blockPlusTxSize > cfg.BlockPrioritySize ||
prioItem.priority < minHighPriority {
heap.Push(priorityQueue, prioItem)
continue
}
}
// Ensure the transaction inputs pass all of the necessary
// preconditions before allowing it to be added to the block.
_, err = btcchain.CheckTransactionInputs(tx, nextBlockHeight,
blockTxStore)
if err != nil {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s due to error in "+
"CheckTransactionInputs: %v", tx.Sha(), err)
logSkippedDeps(tx, deps)
continue
}
err = btcchain.ValidateTransactionScripts(tx, blockTxStore,
standardScriptVerifyFlags)
if err != nil {
minrLog.Tracef("Skipping tx %s due to error in "+
"ValidateTransactionScripts: %v", tx.Sha(), err)
logSkippedDeps(tx, deps)
continue
}
// Spend the transaction inputs in the block transaction store
// and add an entry for it to ensure any transactions which
// reference this one have it available as an input and can
// ensure they aren't double spending.
spendTransaction(blockTxStore, tx, nextBlockHeight)
// Add the transaction to the block, increment counters, and
// save the fees and signature operation counts to the block
// template.
blockTxns = append(blockTxns, tx)
blockSize += txSize
blockSigOps += numSigOps
totalFees += prioItem.fee
txFees = append(txFees, prioItem.fee)
txSigOpCounts = append(txSigOpCounts, numSigOps)
minrLog.Tracef("Adding tx %s (priority %.2f, feePerKB %.2f)",
prioItem.tx.Sha(), prioItem.priority, prioItem.feePerKB)
// Add transactions which depend on this one (and also do not
// have any other unsatisified dependencies) to the priority
// queue.
if deps != nil {
for e := deps.Front(); e != nil; e = e.Next() {
// Add the transaction to the priority queue if
// there are no more dependencies after this
// one.
item := e.Value.(*txPrioItem)
delete(item.dependsOn, *tx.Sha())
if len(item.dependsOn) == 0 {
heap.Push(priorityQueue, item)
}
}
}
}
// Now that the actual transactions have been selected, update the
// block size for the real transaction count and coinbase value with
// the total fees accordingly.
blockSize -= btcwire.MaxVarIntPayload -
uint32(btcwire.VarIntSerializeSize(uint64(len(blockTxns))))
coinbaseTx.MsgTx().TxOut[0].Value += totalFees
txFees[0] = -totalFees
// Calculate the required difficulty for the block. The timestamp
// is potentially adjusted to ensure it comes after the median time of
// the last several blocks per the chain consensus rules.
ts, err := medianAdjustedTime(chainState)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
requiredDifficulty, err := blockManager.CalcNextRequiredDifficulty(ts)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// Create a new block ready to be solved.
merkles := btcchain.BuildMerkleTreeStore(blockTxns)
var msgBlock btcwire.MsgBlock
msgBlock.Header = btcwire.BlockHeader{
Version: generatedBlockVersion,
PrevBlock: *prevHash,
MerkleRoot: *merkles[len(merkles)-1],
Timestamp: ts,
Bits: requiredDifficulty,
}
for _, tx := range blockTxns {
if err := msgBlock.AddTransaction(tx.MsgTx()); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
// Finally, perform a full check on the created block against the chain
// consensus rules to ensure it properly connects to the current best
// chain with no issues.
block := btcutil.NewBlock(&msgBlock)
block.SetHeight(nextBlockHeight)
if err := blockManager.CheckConnectBlock(block); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
minrLog.Debugf("Created new block template (%d transactions, %d in "+
"fees, %d signature operations, %d bytes, target difficulty "+
"%064x)", len(msgBlock.Transactions), totalFees, blockSigOps,
blockSize, btcchain.CompactToBig(msgBlock.Header.Bits))
return &BlockTemplate{
block: &msgBlock,
fees: txFees,
sigOpCounts: txSigOpCounts,
height: nextBlockHeight,
validPayAddress: payToAddress != nil,
}, nil
}
// checkTransactionStandard performs a series of checks on a transaction to
// ensure it is a "standard" transaction. A standard transaction is one that
// conforms to several additional limiting cases over what is considered a
// "sane" transaction such as having a version in the supported range, being
// finalized, conforming to more stringent size constraints, having scripts
// of recognized forms, and not containing "dust" outputs (those that are
// so small it costs more to process them than they are worth).
func checkTransactionStandard(tx *btcwire.MsgTx, height int64) error {
// The transaction must be a currently supported version.
if tx.Version > btcwire.TxVersion || tx.Version < 1 {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction version %d is not in the "+
"valid range of %d-%d", tx.Version, 1,
btcwire.TxVersion)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
// The transaction must be finalized to be standard and therefore
// considered for inclusion in a block.
if !btcchain.IsFinalizedTransaction(tx, height, time.Now()) {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction is not finalized")
return TxRuleError(str)
}
// Since extremely large transactions with a lot of inputs can cost
// almost as much to process as the sender fees, limit the maximum
// size of a transaction. This also helps mitigate CPU exhaustion
// attacks.
var serializedTxBuf bytes.Buffer
err := tx.Serialize(&serializedTxBuf)
if err != nil {
return err
}
serializedLen := serializedTxBuf.Len()
if serializedLen > maxStandardTxSize {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction size of %v is larger than max "+
"allowed size of %v", serializedLen, maxStandardTxSize)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
for i, txIn := range tx.TxIn {
// Each transaction input signature script must not exceed the
// maximum size allowed for a standard transaction. See
// the comment on maxStandardSigScriptSize for more details.
sigScriptLen := len(txIn.SignatureScript)
if sigScriptLen > maxStandardSigScriptSize {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction input %d: signature "+
"script size of %d bytes is large than max "+
"allowed size of %d bytes", i, sigScriptLen,
maxStandardSigScriptSize)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
// Each transaction input signature script must only contain
// opcodes which push data onto the stack.
if !btcscript.IsPushOnlyScript(txIn.SignatureScript) {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction input %d: signature "+
"script is not push only", i)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
}
// None of the output public key scripts can be a non-standard script or
// be "dust".
for i, txOut := range tx.TxOut {
err := checkPkScriptStandard(txOut.PkScript)
if err != nil {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output %d: %v", i, err)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
if isDust(txOut) {
str := fmt.Sprintf("transaction output %d: payment "+
"of %d is dust", i, txOut.Value)
return TxRuleError(str)
}
}
return nil
}