// exprInternal contains the core of type checking of expressions. // Must only be called by rawExpr. // func (check *Checker) exprInternal(x *operand, e ast.Expr, hint Type) exprKind { // make sure x has a valid state in case of bailout // (was issue 5770) x.mode = invalid x.typ = Typ[Invalid] switch e := e.(type) { case *ast.BadExpr: goto Error // error was reported before case *ast.Ident: check.ident(x, e, nil, nil) case *ast.Ellipsis: // ellipses are handled explicitly where they are legal // (array composite literals and parameter lists) check.error(e.Pos(), "invalid use of '...'") goto Error case *ast.BasicLit: x.setConst(e.Kind, e.Value) if x.mode == invalid { check.invalidAST(e.Pos(), "invalid literal %v", e.Value) goto Error } case *ast.FuncLit: if sig, ok := check.typ(e.Type).(*Signature); ok { // Anonymous functions are considered part of the // init expression/func declaration which contains // them: use existing package-level declaration info. check.funcBody(check.decl, "", sig, e.Body) x.mode = value x.typ = sig } else { check.invalidAST(e.Pos(), "invalid function literal %s", e) goto Error } case *ast.CompositeLit: typ := hint openArray := false if e.Type != nil { // [...]T array types may only appear with composite literals. // Check for them here so we don't have to handle ... in general. typ = nil if atyp, _ := e.Type.(*ast.ArrayType); atyp != nil && atyp.Len != nil { if ellip, _ := atyp.Len.(*ast.Ellipsis); ellip != nil && ellip.Elt == nil { // We have an "open" [...]T array type. // Create a new ArrayType with unknown length (-1) // and finish setting it up after analyzing the literal. typ = &Array{len: -1, elem: check.typ(atyp.Elt)} openArray = true } } if typ == nil { typ = check.typ(e.Type) } } if typ == nil { // TODO(gri) provide better error messages depending on context check.error(e.Pos(), "missing type in composite literal") goto Error } switch typ, _ := deref(typ); utyp := typ.Underlying().(type) { case *Struct: if len(e.Elts) == 0 { break } fields := utyp.fields if _, ok := e.Elts[0].(*ast.KeyValueExpr); ok { // all elements must have keys visited := make([]bool, len(fields)) for _, e := range e.Elts { kv, _ := e.(*ast.KeyValueExpr) if kv == nil { check.error(e.Pos(), "mixture of field:value and value elements in struct literal") continue } key, _ := kv.Key.(*ast.Ident) if key == nil { check.errorf(kv.Pos(), "invalid field name %s in struct literal", kv.Key) continue } i := fieldIndex(utyp.fields, check.pkg, key.Name) if i < 0 { check.errorf(kv.Pos(), "unknown field %s in struct literal", key.Name) continue } fld := fields[i] check.recordUse(key, fld) // 0 <= i < len(fields) if visited[i] { check.errorf(kv.Pos(), "duplicate field name %s in struct literal", key.Name) continue } visited[i] = true check.expr(x, kv.Value) etyp := fld.typ if !check.assignment(x, etyp) { if x.mode != invalid { check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot use %s as %s value in struct literal", x, etyp) } continue } } } else { // no element must have a key for i, e := range e.Elts { if kv, _ := e.(*ast.KeyValueExpr); kv != nil { check.error(kv.Pos(), "mixture of field:value and value elements in struct literal") continue } check.expr(x, e) if i >= len(fields) { check.error(x.pos(), "too many values in struct literal") break // cannot continue } // i < len(fields) fld := fields[i] if !fld.Exported() && fld.pkg != check.pkg { check.errorf(x.pos(), "implicit assignment to unexported field %s in %s literal", fld.name, typ) continue } etyp := fld.typ if !check.assignment(x, etyp) { if x.mode != invalid { check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot use %s as %s value in struct literal", x, etyp) } continue } } if len(e.Elts) < len(fields) { check.error(e.Rbrace, "too few values in struct literal") // ok to continue } } case *Array: n := check.indexedElts(e.Elts, utyp.elem, utyp.len) // if we have an "open" [...]T array, set the length now that we know it if openArray { utyp.len = n } case *Slice: check.indexedElts(e.Elts, utyp.elem, -1) case *Map: visited := make(map[interface{}][]Type, len(e.Elts)) for _, e := range e.Elts { kv, _ := e.(*ast.KeyValueExpr) if kv == nil { check.error(e.Pos(), "missing key in map literal") continue } check.exprWithHint(x, kv.Key, utyp.key) if !check.assignment(x, utyp.key) { if x.mode != invalid { check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot use %s as %s key in map literal", x, utyp.key) } continue } if x.mode == constant { duplicate := false // if the key is of interface type, the type is also significant when checking for duplicates if _, ok := utyp.key.Underlying().(*Interface); ok { for _, vtyp := range visited[x.val] { if Identical(vtyp, x.typ) { duplicate = true break } } visited[x.val] = append(visited[x.val], x.typ) } else { _, duplicate = visited[x.val] visited[x.val] = nil } if duplicate { check.errorf(x.pos(), "duplicate key %s in map literal", x.val) continue } } check.exprWithHint(x, kv.Value, utyp.elem) if !check.assignment(x, utyp.elem) { if x.mode != invalid { check.errorf(x.pos(), "cannot use %s as %s value in map literal", x, utyp.elem) } continue } } default: // if utyp is invalid, an error was reported before if utyp != Typ[Invalid] { check.errorf(e.Pos(), "invalid composite literal type %s", typ) goto Error } } x.mode = value x.typ = typ case *ast.ParenExpr: kind := check.rawExpr(x, e.X, nil) x.expr = e return kind case *ast.SelectorExpr: check.selector(x, e) case *ast.IndexExpr: check.expr(x, e.X) if x.mode == invalid { goto Error } valid := false length := int64(-1) // valid if >= 0 switch typ := x.typ.Underlying().(type) { case *Basic: if isString(typ) { valid = true if x.mode == constant { length = int64(len(exact.StringVal(x.val))) } // an indexed string always yields a byte value // (not a constant) even if the string and the // index are constant x.mode = value x.typ = UniverseByte // use 'byte' name } case *Array: valid = true length = typ.len if x.mode != variable { x.mode = value } x.typ = typ.elem case *Pointer: if typ, _ := typ.base.Underlying().(*Array); typ != nil { valid = true length = typ.len x.mode = variable x.typ = typ.elem } case *Slice: valid = true x.mode = variable x.typ = typ.elem case *Map: var key operand check.expr(&key, e.Index) if !check.assignment(&key, typ.key) { if key.mode != invalid { check.invalidOp(key.pos(), "cannot use %s as map index of type %s", &key, typ.key) } goto Error } x.mode = mapindex x.typ = typ.elem x.expr = e return expression } if !valid { check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "cannot index %s", x) goto Error } if e.Index == nil { check.invalidAST(e.Pos(), "missing index for %s", x) goto Error } check.index(e.Index, length) // ok to continue case *ast.SliceExpr: check.expr(x, e.X) if x.mode == invalid { goto Error } valid := false length := int64(-1) // valid if >= 0 switch typ := x.typ.Underlying().(type) { case *Basic: if isString(typ) { if slice3(e) { check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "3-index slice of string") goto Error } valid = true if x.mode == constant { length = int64(len(exact.StringVal(x.val))) } // spec: "For untyped string operands the result // is a non-constant value of type string." if typ.kind == UntypedString { x.typ = Typ[String] } } case *Array: valid = true length = typ.len if x.mode != variable { check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "cannot slice %s (value not addressable)", x) goto Error } x.typ = &Slice{elem: typ.elem} case *Pointer: if typ, _ := typ.base.Underlying().(*Array); typ != nil { valid = true length = typ.len x.typ = &Slice{elem: typ.elem} } case *Slice: valid = true // x.typ doesn't change } if !valid { check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "cannot slice %s", x) goto Error } x.mode = value // spec: "Only the first index may be omitted; it defaults to 0." if slice3(e) && (e.High == nil || sliceMax(e) == nil) { check.error(e.Rbrack, "2nd and 3rd index required in 3-index slice") goto Error } // check indices var ind [3]int64 for i, expr := range []ast.Expr{e.Low, e.High, sliceMax(e)} { x := int64(-1) switch { case expr != nil: // The "capacity" is only known statically for strings, arrays, // and pointers to arrays, and it is the same as the length for // those types. max := int64(-1) if length >= 0 { max = length + 1 } if t, ok := check.index(expr, max); ok && t >= 0 { x = t } case i == 0: // default is 0 for the first index x = 0 case length >= 0: // default is length (== capacity) otherwise x = length } ind[i] = x } // constant indices must be in range // (check.index already checks that existing indices >= 0) L: for i, x := range ind[:len(ind)-1] { if x > 0 { for _, y := range ind[i+1:] { if y >= 0 && x > y { check.errorf(e.Rbrack, "invalid slice indices: %d > %d", x, y) break L // only report one error, ok to continue } } } } case *ast.TypeAssertExpr: check.expr(x, e.X) if x.mode == invalid { goto Error } xtyp, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Interface) if xtyp == nil { check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "%s is not an interface", x) goto Error } // x.(type) expressions are handled explicitly in type switches if e.Type == nil { check.invalidAST(e.Pos(), "use of .(type) outside type switch") goto Error } T := check.typ(e.Type) if T == Typ[Invalid] { goto Error } check.typeAssertion(x.pos(), x, xtyp, T) x.mode = commaok x.typ = T case *ast.CallExpr: return check.call(x, e) case *ast.StarExpr: check.exprOrType(x, e.X) switch x.mode { case invalid: goto Error case typexpr: x.typ = &Pointer{base: x.typ} default: if typ, ok := x.typ.Underlying().(*Pointer); ok { x.mode = variable x.typ = typ.base } else { check.invalidOp(x.pos(), "cannot indirect %s", x) goto Error } } case *ast.UnaryExpr: check.expr(x, e.X) if x.mode == invalid { goto Error } check.unary(x, e.Op) if x.mode == invalid { goto Error } if e.Op == token.ARROW { x.expr = e return statement // receive operations may appear in statement context } case *ast.BinaryExpr: check.binary(x, e.X, e.Y, e.Op) if x.mode == invalid { goto Error } case *ast.KeyValueExpr: // key:value expressions are handled in composite literals check.invalidAST(e.Pos(), "no key:value expected") goto Error case *ast.ArrayType, *ast.StructType, *ast.FuncType, *ast.InterfaceType, *ast.MapType, *ast.ChanType: x.mode = typexpr x.typ = check.typ(e) // Note: rawExpr (caller of exprInternal) will call check.recordTypeAndValue // even though check.typ has already called it. This is fine as both // times the same expression and type are recorded. It is also not a // performance issue because we only reach here for composite literal // types, which are comparatively rare. default: panic(fmt.Sprintf("%s: unknown expression type %T", check.fset.Position(e.Pos()), e)) } // everything went well x.expr = e return expression Error: x.mode = invalid x.expr = e return statement // avoid follow-up errors }
// builtin type-checks a call to the built-in specified by id and // returns true if the call is valid, with *x holding the result; // but x.expr is not set. If the call is invalid, the result is // false, and *x is undefined. // func (check *Checker) builtin(x *operand, call *ast.CallExpr, id builtinId) (_ bool) { // append is the only built-in that permits the use of ... for the last argument bin := predeclaredFuncs[id] if call.Ellipsis.IsValid() && id != _Append { check.invalidOp(call.Ellipsis, "invalid use of ... with built-in %s", bin.name) check.use(call.Args...) return } // For len(x) and cap(x) we need to know if x contains any function calls or // receive operations. Save/restore current setting and set hasCallOrRecv to // false for the evaluation of x so that we can check it afterwards. // Note: We must do this _before_ calling unpack because unpack evaluates the // first argument before we even call arg(x, 0)! if id == _Len || id == _Cap { defer func(b bool) { check.hasCallOrRecv = b }(check.hasCallOrRecv) check.hasCallOrRecv = false } // determine actual arguments var arg getter nargs := len(call.Args) switch id { default: // make argument getter arg, nargs, _ = unpack(func(x *operand, i int) { check.expr(x, call.Args[i]) }, nargs, false) if arg == nil { return } // evaluate first argument, if present if nargs > 0 { arg(x, 0) if x.mode == invalid { return } } case _Make, _New, _Offsetof, _Trace: // arguments require special handling } // check argument count { msg := "" if nargs < bin.nargs { msg = "not enough" } else if !bin.variadic && nargs > bin.nargs { msg = "too many" } if msg != "" { check.invalidOp(call.Rparen, "%s arguments for %s (expected %d, found %d)", msg, call, bin.nargs, nargs) return } } switch id { case _Append: // append(s S, x ...T) S, where T is the element type of S // spec: "The variadic function append appends zero or more values x to s of type // S, which must be a slice type, and returns the resulting slice, also of type S. // The values x are passed to a parameter of type ...T where T is the element type // of S and the respective parameter passing rules apply." S := x.typ var T Type if s, _ := S.Underlying().(*Slice); s != nil { T = s.elem } else { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a slice", x) return } // remember arguments that have been evaluated already alist := []operand{*x} // spec: "As a special case, append also accepts a first argument assignable // to type []byte with a second argument of string type followed by ... . // This form appends the bytes of the string. if nargs == 2 && call.Ellipsis.IsValid() && x.assignableTo(check.conf, NewSlice(UniverseByte)) { arg(x, 1) if x.mode == invalid { return } if isString(x.typ) { if check.Types != nil { sig := makeSig(S, S, x.typ) sig.variadic = true check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, sig) } x.mode = value x.typ = S break } alist = append(alist, *x) // fallthrough } // check general case by creating custom signature sig := makeSig(S, S, NewSlice(T)) // []T required for variadic signature sig.variadic = true check.arguments(x, call, sig, func(x *operand, i int) { // only evaluate arguments that have not been evaluated before if i < len(alist) { *x = alist[i] return } arg(x, i) }, nargs) // ok to continue even if check.arguments reported errors x.mode = value x.typ = S if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, sig) } case _Cap, _Len: // cap(x) // len(x) mode := invalid var typ Type var val exact.Value switch typ = implicitArrayDeref(x.typ.Underlying()); t := typ.(type) { case *Basic: if isString(t) && id == _Len { if x.mode == constant { mode = constant val = exact.MakeInt64(int64(len(exact.StringVal(x.val)))) } else { mode = value } } case *Array: mode = value // spec: "The expressions len(s) and cap(s) are constants // if the type of s is an array or pointer to an array and // the expression s does not contain channel receives or // function calls; in this case s is not evaluated." if !check.hasCallOrRecv { mode = constant val = exact.MakeInt64(t.len) } case *Slice, *Chan: mode = value case *Map: if id == _Len { mode = value } } if mode == invalid { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s for %s", x, bin.name) return } x.mode = mode x.typ = Typ[Int] x.val = val if check.Types != nil && mode != constant { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ, typ)) } case _Close: // close(c) c, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Chan) if c == nil { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a channel", x) return } if c.dir == RecvOnly { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s must not be a receive-only channel", x) return } x.mode = novalue if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, c)) } case _Complex: // complex(x, y realT) complexT if !check.complexArg(x) { return } var y operand arg(&y, 1) if y.mode == invalid { return } if !check.complexArg(&y) { return } check.convertUntyped(x, y.typ) if x.mode == invalid { return } check.convertUntyped(&y, x.typ) if y.mode == invalid { return } if !Identical(x.typ, y.typ) { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "mismatched types %s and %s", x.typ, y.typ) return } if x.mode == constant && y.mode == constant { x.val = exact.BinaryOp(x.val, token.ADD, exact.MakeImag(y.val)) } else { x.mode = value } realT := x.typ complexT := Typ[Invalid] switch realT.Underlying().(*Basic).kind { case Float32: complexT = Typ[Complex64] case Float64: complexT = Typ[Complex128] case UntypedInt, UntypedRune, UntypedFloat: if x.mode == constant { realT = defaultType(realT).(*Basic) complexT = Typ[UntypedComplex] } else { // untyped but not constant; probably because one // operand is a non-constant shift of untyped lhs realT = Typ[Float64] complexT = Typ[Complex128] } default: check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "float32 or float64 arguments expected") return } x.typ = complexT if check.Types != nil && x.mode != constant { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(complexT, realT, realT)) } if x.mode != constant { // The arguments have now their final types, which at run- // time will be materialized. Update the expression trees. // If the current types are untyped, the materialized type // is the respective default type. // (If the result is constant, the arguments are never // materialized and there is nothing to do.) check.updateExprType(x.expr, realT, true) check.updateExprType(y.expr, realT, true) } case _Copy: // copy(x, y []T) int var dst Type if t, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Slice); t != nil { dst = t.elem } var y operand arg(&y, 1) if y.mode == invalid { return } var src Type switch t := y.typ.Underlying().(type) { case *Basic: if isString(y.typ) { src = UniverseByte } case *Slice: src = t.elem } if dst == nil || src == nil { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "copy expects slice arguments; found %s and %s", x, &y) return } if !Identical(dst, src) { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "arguments to copy %s and %s have different element types %s and %s", x, &y, dst, src) return } if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(Typ[Int], x.typ, y.typ)) } x.mode = value x.typ = Typ[Int] case _Delete: // delete(m, k) m, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Map) if m == nil { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a map", x) return } arg(x, 1) // k if x.mode == invalid { return } if !x.assignableTo(check.conf, m.key) { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not assignable to %s", x, m.key) return } x.mode = novalue if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, m, m.key)) } case _Imag, _Real: // imag(complexT) realT // real(complexT) realT if !isComplex(x.typ) { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s must be a complex number", x) return } if x.mode == constant { if id == _Real { x.val = exact.Real(x.val) } else { x.val = exact.Imag(x.val) } } else { x.mode = value } var k BasicKind switch x.typ.Underlying().(*Basic).kind { case Complex64: k = Float32 case Complex128: k = Float64 case UntypedComplex: k = UntypedFloat default: unreachable() } if check.Types != nil && x.mode != constant { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(Typ[k], x.typ)) } x.typ = Typ[k] case _Make: // make(T, n) // make(T, n, m) // (no argument evaluated yet) arg0 := call.Args[0] T := check.typ(arg0) if T == Typ[Invalid] { return } var min int // minimum number of arguments switch T.Underlying().(type) { case *Slice: min = 2 case *Map, *Chan: min = 1 default: check.invalidArg(arg0.Pos(), "cannot make %s; type must be slice, map, or channel", arg0) return } if nargs < min || min+1 < nargs { check.errorf(call.Pos(), "%s expects %d or %d arguments; found %d", call, min, min+1, nargs) return } var sizes []int64 // constant integer arguments, if any for _, arg := range call.Args[1:] { if s, ok := check.index(arg, -1); ok && s >= 0 { sizes = append(sizes, s) } } if len(sizes) == 2 && sizes[0] > sizes[1] { check.invalidArg(call.Args[1].Pos(), "length and capacity swapped") // safe to continue } x.mode = value x.typ = T if check.Types != nil { params := [...]Type{T, Typ[Int], Typ[Int]} check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ, params[:1+len(sizes)]...)) } case _New: // new(T) // (no argument evaluated yet) T := check.typ(call.Args[0]) if T == Typ[Invalid] { return } x.mode = value x.typ = &Pointer{base: T} if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ, T)) } case _Panic: // panic(x) T := new(Interface) if !check.assignment(x, T) { assert(x.mode == invalid) return } x.mode = novalue if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, T)) } case _Print, _Println: // print(x, y, ...) // println(x, y, ...) var params []Type if nargs > 0 { params = make([]Type, nargs) for i := 0; i < nargs; i++ { if i > 0 { arg(x, i) // first argument already evaluated } if !check.assignment(x, nil) { assert(x.mode == invalid) return } params[i] = x.typ } } x.mode = novalue if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, params...)) } case _Recover: // recover() interface{} x.mode = value x.typ = new(Interface) if check.Types != nil { check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ)) } case _Alignof: // unsafe.Alignof(x T) uintptr if !check.assignment(x, nil) { assert(x.mode == invalid) return } x.mode = constant x.val = exact.MakeInt64(check.conf.alignof(x.typ)) x.typ = Typ[Uintptr] // result is constant - no need to record signature case _Offsetof: // unsafe.Offsetof(x T) uintptr, where x must be a selector // (no argument evaluated yet) arg0 := call.Args[0] selx, _ := unparen(arg0).(*ast.SelectorExpr) if selx == nil { check.invalidArg(arg0.Pos(), "%s is not a selector expression", arg0) check.use(arg0) return } check.expr(x, selx.X) if x.mode == invalid { return } base := derefStructPtr(x.typ) sel := selx.Sel.Name obj, index, indirect := LookupFieldOrMethod(base, false, check.pkg, sel) switch obj.(type) { case nil: check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s has no single field %s", base, sel) return case *Func: // TODO(gri) Using derefStructPtr may result in methods being found // that don't actually exist. An error either way, but the error // message is confusing. See: http://play.golang.org/p/al75v23kUy , // but go/types reports: "invalid argument: x.m is a method value". check.invalidArg(arg0.Pos(), "%s is a method value", arg0) return } if indirect { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "field %s is embedded via a pointer in %s", sel, base) return } // TODO(gri) Should we pass x.typ instead of base (and indirect report if derefStructPtr indirected)? check.recordSelection(selx, FieldVal, base, obj, index, false) offs := check.conf.offsetof(base, index) x.mode = constant x.val = exact.MakeInt64(offs) x.typ = Typ[Uintptr] // result is constant - no need to record signature case _Sizeof: // unsafe.Sizeof(x T) uintptr if !check.assignment(x, nil) { assert(x.mode == invalid) return } x.mode = constant x.val = exact.MakeInt64(check.conf.sizeof(x.typ)) x.typ = Typ[Uintptr] // result is constant - no need to record signature case _Assert: // assert(pred) causes a typechecker error if pred is false. // The result of assert is the value of pred if there is no error. // Note: assert is only available in self-test mode. if x.mode != constant || !isBoolean(x.typ) { check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a boolean constant", x) return } if x.val.Kind() != exact.Bool { check.errorf(x.pos(), "internal error: value of %s should be a boolean constant", x) return } if !exact.BoolVal(x.val) { check.errorf(call.Pos(), "%s failed", call) // compile-time assertion failure - safe to continue } // result is constant - no need to record signature case _Trace: // trace(x, y, z, ...) dumps the positions, expressions, and // values of its arguments. The result of trace is the value // of the first argument. // Note: trace is only available in self-test mode. // (no argument evaluated yet) if nargs == 0 { check.dump("%s: trace() without arguments", call.Pos()) x.mode = novalue break } var t operand x1 := x for _, arg := range call.Args { check.rawExpr(x1, arg, nil) // permit trace for types, e.g.: new(trace(T)) check.dump("%s: %s", x1.pos(), x1) x1 = &t // use incoming x only for first argument } // trace is only available in test mode - no need to record signature default: unreachable() } return true }