func ExampleTx_CopyFile() {
// Open the database.
db, _ := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil)
defer os.Remove(db.Path())
defer db.Close()
// Create a bucket and a key.
db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
return nil
})
// Copy the database to another file.
toFile := tempfile()
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { return tx.CopyFile(toFile, 0666) })
defer os.Remove(toFile)
// Open the cloned database.
db2, _ := bolt.Open(toFile, 0666, nil)
defer db2.Close()
// Ensure that the key exists in the copy.
db2.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
fmt.Printf("The value for 'foo' in the clone is: %s\n", value)
return nil
})
// Output:
// The value for 'foo' in the clone is: bar
}
// Run executes the command.
func (cmd *InfoCommand) Run(args ...string) error {
// Parse flags.
fs := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
help := fs.Bool("h", false, "")
if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
return err
} else if *help {
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stderr, cmd.Usage())
return ErrUsage
}
// Require database path.
path := fs.Arg(0)
if path == "" {
return ErrPathRequired
} else if _, err := os.Stat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
return ErrFileNotFound
}
// Open the database.
db, err := bolt.Open(path, 0666, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer db.Close()
// Print basic database info.
info := db.Info()
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "Page Size: %d\n", info.PageSize)
return nil
}
func newBoltDBStable(path string, logger log.Logger) (*boltDBStable, error) {
fullPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", path, "/raftdb")
// create if the directory doesnt exist
err := os.MkdirAll(path, os.FileMode(0700))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
db, err := bolt.Open(fullPath, 0600, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
stable := &boltDBStable{
db: db,
keyMap: make(map[runtimeKey][]byte),
logger: logger,
}
// init stable
err = stable.init()
if err != nil {
stable.Close()
return nil, err
}
return stable, nil
}
func ExampleTx_Rollback() {
// Open the database.
db, _ := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil)
defer os.Remove(db.Path())
defer db.Close()
// Create a bucket.
db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
return err
})
// Set a value for a key.
db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
return tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
})
// Update the key but rollback the transaction so it never saves.
tx, _ := db.Begin(true)
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets"))
b.Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("baz"))
tx.Rollback()
// Ensure that our original value is still set.
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
value := tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo"))
fmt.Printf("The value for 'foo' is still: %s\n", value)
return nil
})
// Output:
// The value for 'foo' is still: bar
}
func ExampleDB_Batch() {
// Open the database.
db, _ := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil)
defer os.Remove(db.Path())
defer db.Close()
// Start our web server
count := counter{db}
srv := httptest.NewServer(count)
defer srv.Close()
// Decrease the batch size to make things more interesting.
db.MaxBatchSize = 3
// Get every path multiple times concurrently.
const clients = 10
paths := []string{
"/foo",
"/bar",
"/baz",
"/quux",
"/thud",
"/xyzzy",
}
errors := make(chan error, clients)
for i := 0; i < clients; i++ {
go func(id int) {
errors <- client(id, srv.URL, paths)
}(i)
}
// Check all responses to make sure there's no error.
for i := 0; i < clients; i++ {
if err := <-errors; err != nil {
fmt.Printf("client error: %v", err)
return
}
}
// Check the final result
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("hits"))
c := b.Cursor()
for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
fmt.Printf("hits to %s: %d\n", k, decode(v))
}
return nil
})
// Output:
// hits to /bar: 10
// hits to /baz: 10
// hits to /foo: 10
// hits to /quux: 10
// hits to /thud: 10
// hits to /xyzzy: 10
}
// Run executes the command.
func (cmd *CheckCommand) Run(args ...string) error {
// Parse flags.
fs := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
help := fs.Bool("h", false, "")
if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
return err
} else if *help {
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stderr, cmd.Usage())
return ErrUsage
}
// Require database path.
path := fs.Arg(0)
if path == "" {
return ErrPathRequired
} else if _, err := os.Stat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
return ErrFileNotFound
}
// Open database.
db, err := bolt.Open(path, 0666, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer db.Close()
// Perform consistency check.
return db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
var count int
ch := tx.Check()
loop:
for {
select {
case err, ok := <-ch:
if !ok {
break loop
}
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, err)
count++
}
}
// Print summary of errors.
if count > 0 {
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "%d errors found\n", count)
return ErrCorrupt
}
// Notify user that database is valid.
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, "OK")
return nil
})
}
// MustOpen creates a Bolt database in a temporary location.
func MustOpen(mode os.FileMode, options *bolt.Options) *DB {
// Create temporary path.
f, _ := ioutil.TempFile("", "bolt-")
f.Close()
os.Remove(f.Name())
db, err := bolt.Open(f.Name(), mode, options)
if err != nil {
panic(err.Error())
}
return &DB{DB: db, Path: f.Name()}
}
// Run executes the "bench" command.
func (cmd *BenchCommand) Run(args ...string) error {
// Parse CLI arguments.
options, err := cmd.ParseFlags(args)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Remove path if "-work" is not set. Otherwise keep path.
if options.Work {
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "work: %s\n", options.Path)
} else {
defer os.Remove(options.Path)
}
// Create database.
db, err := bolt.Open(options.Path, 0666, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
db.NoSync = options.NoSync
defer db.Close()
// Write to the database.
var results BenchResults
if err := cmd.runWrites(db, options, &results); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("write: ", err)
}
// Read from the database.
if err := cmd.runReads(db, options, &results); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("bench: read: %s", err)
}
// Print results.
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "# Write\t%v\t(%v/op)\t(%v op/sec)\n", results.WriteDuration, results.WriteOpDuration(), results.WriteOpsPerSecond())
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "# Read\t%v\t(%v/op)\t(%v op/sec)\n", results.ReadDuration, results.ReadOpDuration(), results.ReadOpsPerSecond())
fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "")
return nil
}
func ExampleCursor_reverse() {
// Open the database.
db, _ := bolt.Open(tempfile(), 0666, nil)
defer os.Remove(db.Path())
defer db.Close()
// Start a read-write transaction.
db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
// Create a new bucket.
tx.CreateBucket([]byte("animals"))
// Insert data into a bucket.
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("animals"))
b.Put([]byte("dog"), []byte("fun"))
b.Put([]byte("cat"), []byte("lame"))
b.Put([]byte("liger"), []byte("awesome"))
// Create a cursor for iteration.
c := b.Cursor()
// Iterate over items in reverse sorted key order. This starts
// from the last key/value pair and updates the k/v variables to
// the previous key/value on each iteration.
//
// The loop finishes at the beginning of the cursor when a nil key
// is returned.
for k, v := c.Last(); k != nil; k, v = c.Prev() {
fmt.Printf("A %s is %s.\n", k, v)
}
return nil
})
// Output:
// A liger is awesome.
// A dog is fun.
// A cat is lame.
}
// Ensure that the database can be copied to a file path.
func TestTx_CopyFile(t *testing.T) {
db := NewTestDB()
defer db.Close()
var dest = tempfile()
db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
tx.CreateBucket([]byte("widgets"))
tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("foo"), []byte("bar"))
tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Put([]byte("baz"), []byte("bat"))
return nil
})
ok(t, db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error { return tx.CopyFile(dest, 0600) }))
db2, err := bolt.Open(dest, 0600, nil)
ok(t, err)
defer db2.Close()
db2.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
equals(t, []byte("bar"), tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("foo")))
equals(t, []byte("bat"), tx.Bucket([]byte("widgets")).Get([]byte("baz")))
return nil
})
}
// Run executes the command.
func (cmd *StatsCommand) Run(args ...string) error {
// Parse flags.
fs := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
help := fs.Bool("h", false, "")
if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
return err
} else if *help {
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stderr, cmd.Usage())
return ErrUsage
}
// Require database path.
path, prefix := fs.Arg(0), fs.Arg(1)
if path == "" {
return ErrPathRequired
} else if _, err := os.Stat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
return ErrFileNotFound
}
// Open database.
db, err := bolt.Open(path, 0666, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer db.Close()
return db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
var s bolt.BucketStats
var count int
if err := tx.ForEach(func(name []byte, b *bolt.Bucket) error {
if bytes.HasPrefix(name, []byte(prefix)) {
s.Add(b.Stats())
count += 1
}
return nil
}); err != nil {
return err
}
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "Aggregate statistics for %d buckets\n\n", count)
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, "Page count statistics")
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tNumber of logical branch pages: %d\n", s.BranchPageN)
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tNumber of physical branch overflow pages: %d\n", s.BranchOverflowN)
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tNumber of logical leaf pages: %d\n", s.LeafPageN)
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tNumber of physical leaf overflow pages: %d\n", s.LeafOverflowN)
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, "Tree statistics")
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tNumber of keys/value pairs: %d\n", s.KeyN)
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tNumber of levels in B+tree: %d\n", s.Depth)
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, "Page size utilization")
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tBytes allocated for physical branch pages: %d\n", s.BranchAlloc)
var percentage int
if s.BranchAlloc != 0 {
percentage = int(float32(s.BranchInuse) * 100.0 / float32(s.BranchAlloc))
}
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tBytes actually used for branch data: %d (%d%%)\n", s.BranchInuse, percentage)
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tBytes allocated for physical leaf pages: %d\n", s.LeafAlloc)
percentage = 0
if s.LeafAlloc != 0 {
percentage = int(float32(s.LeafInuse) * 100.0 / float32(s.LeafAlloc))
}
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tBytes actually used for leaf data: %d (%d%%)\n", s.LeafInuse, percentage)
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, "Bucket statistics")
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tTotal number of buckets: %d\n", s.BucketN)
percentage = int(float32(s.InlineBucketN) * 100.0 / float32(s.BucketN))
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tTotal number on inlined buckets: %d (%d%%)\n", s.InlineBucketN, percentage)
percentage = 0
if s.LeafInuse != 0 {
percentage = int(float32(s.InlineBucketInuse) * 100.0 / float32(s.LeafInuse))
}
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "\tBytes used for inlined buckets: %d (%d%%)\n", s.InlineBucketInuse, percentage)
return nil
})
}
// Run executes the command.
func (cmd *PagesCommand) Run(args ...string) error {
// Parse flags.
fs := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
help := fs.Bool("h", false, "")
if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
return err
} else if *help {
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stderr, cmd.Usage())
return ErrUsage
}
// Require database path.
path := fs.Arg(0)
if path == "" {
return ErrPathRequired
} else if _, err := os.Stat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
return ErrFileNotFound
}
// Open database.
db, err := bolt.Open(path, 0666, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
// Write header.
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, "ID TYPE ITEMS OVRFLW")
fmt.Fprintln(cmd.Stdout, "======== ========== ====== ======")
return db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
var id int
for {
p, err := tx.Page(id)
if err != nil {
return &PageError{ID: id, Err: err}
} else if p == nil {
break
}
// Only display count and overflow if this is a non-free page.
var count, overflow string
if p.Type != "free" {
count = strconv.Itoa(p.Count)
if p.OverflowCount > 0 {
overflow = strconv.Itoa(p.OverflowCount)
}
}
// Print table row.
fmt.Fprintf(cmd.Stdout, "%-8d %-10s %-6s %-6s\n", p.ID, p.Type, count, overflow)
// Move to the next non-overflow page.
id += 1
if p.Type != "free" {
id += p.OverflowCount
}
}
return nil
})
}