func ExampleDial() {
// Connecting with a custom root-certificate set.
const rootPEM = `
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
// First, create the set of root certificates. For this example we only
// have one. It's also possible to omit this in order to use the
// default root set of the current operating system.
roots := x509.NewCertPool()
ok := roots.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(rootPEM))
if !ok {
panic("failed to parse root certificate")
}
conn, err := ztls.Dial("tcp", "mail.google.com:443", &ztls.Config{
RootCAs: roots,
})
if err != nil {
panic("failed to connect: " + err.Error())
}
conn.Close()
}
// processCertsFromClient takes a chain of client certificates either from a
// Certificates message or from a sessionState and verifies them. It returns
// the public key of the leaf certificate.
func (hs *serverHandshakeState) processCertsFromClient(certificates [][]byte) (crypto.PublicKey, error) {
c := hs.c
hs.certsFromClient = certificates
certs := make([]*x509.Certificate, len(certificates))
var err error
for i, asn1Data := range certificates {
if certs[i], err = x509.ParseCertificate(asn1Data); err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertBadCertificate)
return nil, errors.New("tls: failed to parse client certificate: " + err.Error())
}
}
if c.config.ClientAuth >= VerifyClientCertIfGiven && len(certs) > 0 {
opts := x509.VerifyOptions{
Roots: c.config.ClientCAs,
CurrentTime: c.config.time(),
Intermediates: x509.NewCertPool(),
KeyUsages: []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth},
}
for _, cert := range certs[1:] {
opts.Intermediates.AddCert(cert)
}
chains, err := certs[0].Verify(opts)
if err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertBadCertificate)
return nil, errors.New("tls: failed to verify client's certificate: " + err.Error())
}
ok := false
for _, ku := range certs[0].ExtKeyUsage {
if ku == x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth {
ok = true
break
}
}
if !ok {
c.sendAlert(alertHandshakeFailure)
return nil, errors.New("tls: client's certificate's extended key usage doesn't permit it to be used for client authentication")
}
c.verifiedChains = chains
}
if len(certs) > 0 {
var pub crypto.PublicKey
switch key := certs[0].PublicKey.(type) {
case *ecdsa.PublicKey, *rsa.PublicKey:
pub = key
default:
c.sendAlert(alertUnsupportedCertificate)
return nil, fmt.Errorf("tls: client's certificate contains an unsupported public key of type %T", certs[0].PublicKey)
}
c.peerCertificates = certs
return pub, nil
}
return nil, nil
}
func (hs *clientHandshakeState) doFullHandshake() error {
c := hs.c
msg, err := c.readHandshake()
if err != nil {
return err
}
var serverCert *x509.Certificate
isAnon := hs.suite != nil && (hs.suite.flags&suiteAnon > 0)
if !isAnon {
certMsg, ok := msg.(*certificateMsg)
if !ok || len(certMsg.certificates) == 0 {
c.sendAlert(alertUnexpectedMessage)
return unexpectedMessageError(certMsg, msg)
}
hs.finishedHash.Write(certMsg.marshal())
certs := make([]*x509.Certificate, len(certMsg.certificates))
invalidCert := false
var invalidCertErr error
for i, asn1Data := range certMsg.certificates {
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(asn1Data)
if err != nil {
invalidCert = true
invalidCertErr = err
break
}
certs[i] = cert
}
c.handshakeLog.ServerCertificates = certMsg.MakeLog()
if !invalidCert {
opts := x509.VerifyOptions{
Roots: c.config.RootCAs,
CurrentTime: c.config.time(),
DNSName: c.config.ServerName,
Intermediates: x509.NewCertPool(),
}
// Always check validity of the certificates
for _, cert := range certs {
/*
if i == 0 {
continue
}
*/
opts.Intermediates.AddCert(cert)
}
var validation *x509.Validation
c.verifiedChains, validation, err = certs[0].ValidateWithStupidDetail(opts)
c.handshakeLog.ServerCertificates.addParsed(certs, validation)
// If actually verifying and invalid, reject
if !c.config.InsecureSkipVerify {
if err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertBadCertificate)
return err
}
}
}
if invalidCert {
c.sendAlert(alertBadCertificate)
return errors.New("tls: failed to parse certificate from server: " + invalidCertErr.Error())
}
c.peerCertificates = certs
if hs.serverHello.ocspStapling {
msg, err = c.readHandshake()
if err != nil {
return err
}
cs, ok := msg.(*certificateStatusMsg)
if !ok {
c.sendAlert(alertUnexpectedMessage)
return unexpectedMessageError(cs, msg)
}
hs.finishedHash.Write(cs.marshal())
if cs.statusType == statusTypeOCSP {
c.ocspResponse = cs.response
}
}
serverCert = certs[0]
var supportedCertKeyType bool
switch serverCert.PublicKey.(type) {
case *rsa.PublicKey, *ecdsa.PublicKey:
supportedCertKeyType = true
break
case *dsa.PublicKey:
if c.config.ClientDSAEnabled {
supportedCertKeyType = true
}
default:
break
}
if !supportedCertKeyType {
c.sendAlert(alertUnsupportedCertificate)
return fmt.Errorf("tls: server's certificate contains an unsupported type of public key: %T", serverCert.PublicKey)
}
msg, err = c.readHandshake()
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
// If we don't support the cipher, quit before we need to read the hs.suite
// variable
if c.cipherError != nil {
return c.cipherError
}
skx, ok := msg.(*serverKeyExchangeMsg)
keyAgreement := hs.suite.ka(c.vers)
if ok {
hs.finishedHash.Write(skx.marshal())
err = keyAgreement.processServerKeyExchange(c.config, hs.hello, hs.serverHello, serverCert, skx)
c.handshakeLog.ServerKeyExchange = skx.MakeLog(keyAgreement)
if err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertUnexpectedMessage)
return err
}
msg, err = c.readHandshake()
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
var chainToSend *Certificate
var certRequested bool
certReq, ok := msg.(*certificateRequestMsg)
if ok {
certRequested = true
// RFC 4346 on the certificateAuthorities field:
// A list of the distinguished names of acceptable certificate
// authorities. These distinguished names may specify a desired
// distinguished name for a root CA or for a subordinate CA;
// thus, this message can be used to describe both known roots
// and a desired authorization space. If the
// certificate_authorities list is empty then the client MAY
// send any certificate of the appropriate
// ClientCertificateType, unless there is some external
// arrangement to the contrary.
hs.finishedHash.Write(certReq.marshal())
var rsaAvail, ecdsaAvail bool
for _, certType := range certReq.certificateTypes {
switch certType {
case certTypeRSASign:
rsaAvail = true
case certTypeECDSASign:
ecdsaAvail = true
}
}
// We need to search our list of client certs for one
// where SignatureAlgorithm is RSA and the Issuer is in
// certReq.certificateAuthorities
findCert:
for i, chain := range c.config.Certificates {
if !rsaAvail && !ecdsaAvail {
continue
}
for j, cert := range chain.Certificate {
x509Cert := chain.Leaf
// parse the certificate if this isn't the leaf
// node, or if chain.Leaf was nil
if j != 0 || x509Cert == nil {
if x509Cert, err = x509.ParseCertificate(cert); err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertInternalError)
return errors.New("tls: failed to parse client certificate #" + strconv.Itoa(i) + ": " + err.Error())
}
}
switch {
case rsaAvail && x509Cert.PublicKeyAlgorithm == x509.RSA:
case ecdsaAvail && x509Cert.PublicKeyAlgorithm == x509.ECDSA:
default:
continue findCert
}
if len(certReq.certificateAuthorities) == 0 {
// they gave us an empty list, so just take the
// first RSA cert from c.config.Certificates
chainToSend = &chain
break findCert
}
for _, ca := range certReq.certificateAuthorities {
if bytes.Equal(x509Cert.RawIssuer, ca) {
chainToSend = &chain
break findCert
}
}
}
}
msg, err = c.readHandshake()
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
shd, ok := msg.(*serverHelloDoneMsg)
if !ok {
c.sendAlert(alertUnexpectedMessage)
return unexpectedMessageError(shd, msg)
}
hs.finishedHash.Write(shd.marshal())
// If the server requested a certificate then we have to send a
// Certificate message, even if it's empty because we don't have a
// certificate to send.
if certRequested {
certMsg := new(certificateMsg)
if chainToSend != nil {
certMsg.certificates = chainToSend.Certificate
}
hs.finishedHash.Write(certMsg.marshal())
c.writeRecord(recordTypeHandshake, certMsg.marshal())
}
preMasterSecret, ckx, err := keyAgreement.generateClientKeyExchange(c.config, hs.hello, serverCert)
if err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertInternalError)
return err
}
if ckx != nil {
hs.finishedHash.Write(ckx.marshal())
c.writeRecord(recordTypeHandshake, ckx.marshal())
}
if chainToSend != nil {
var signed []byte
certVerify := &certificateVerifyMsg{
hasSignatureAndHash: c.vers >= VersionTLS12,
}
// Determine the hash to sign.
var signatureType uint8
switch c.config.Certificates[0].PrivateKey.(type) {
case *ecdsa.PrivateKey:
signatureType = signatureECDSA
case *rsa.PrivateKey:
signatureType = signatureRSA
default:
c.sendAlert(alertInternalError)
return errors.New("unknown private key type")
}
certVerify.signatureAndHash, err = hs.finishedHash.selectClientCertSignatureAlgorithm(certReq.signatureAndHashes, c.config.signatureAndHashesForClient(), signatureType)
if err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertInternalError)
return err
}
digest, hashFunc, err := hs.finishedHash.hashForClientCertificate(certVerify.signatureAndHash, hs.masterSecret)
if err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertInternalError)
return err
}
switch key := c.config.Certificates[0].PrivateKey.(type) {
case *ecdsa.PrivateKey:
var r, s *big.Int
r, s, err = ecdsa.Sign(c.config.rand(), key, digest)
if err == nil {
signed, err = asn1.Marshal(ecdsaSignature{r, s})
}
case *rsa.PrivateKey:
signed, err = rsa.SignPKCS1v15(c.config.rand(), key, hashFunc, digest)
default:
err = errors.New("unknown private key type")
}
if err != nil {
c.sendAlert(alertInternalError)
return errors.New("tls: failed to sign handshake with client certificate: " + err.Error())
}
certVerify.signature = signed
hs.writeClientHash(certVerify.marshal())
c.writeRecord(recordTypeHandshake, certVerify.marshal())
}
var cr, sr []byte
if hs.hello.extendedRandomEnabled {
helloRandomLen := len(hs.hello.random)
helloExtendedRandomLen := len(hs.hello.extendedRandom)
cr = make([]byte, helloRandomLen+helloExtendedRandomLen)
copy(cr, hs.hello.random)
copy(cr[helloRandomLen:], hs.hello.extendedRandom)
} else {
cr = hs.hello.random
}
if hs.serverHello.extendedRandomEnabled {
serverRandomLen := len(hs.serverHello.random)
serverExtendedRandomLen := len(hs.serverHello.extendedRandom)
sr = make([]byte, serverRandomLen+serverExtendedRandomLen)
copy(sr, hs.serverHello.random)
copy(sr[serverRandomLen:], hs.serverHello.extendedRandom)
} else {
sr = hs.serverHello.random
}
if hs.serverHello.extendedMasterSecret && c.vers >= VersionTLS10 {
hs.masterSecret = extendedMasterFromPreMasterSecret(c.vers, hs.suite, preMasterSecret, hs.finishedHash)
c.extendedMasterSecret = true
} else {
hs.masterSecret = masterFromPreMasterSecret(c.vers, hs.suite, preMasterSecret, hs.hello.random, hs.serverHello.random)
}
return nil
}
func ExampleCertificate_Verify() {
// Verifying with a custom list of root certificates.
const rootPEM = `
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
const certPEM = `
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIDujCCAqKgAwIBAgIIE31FZVaPXTUwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwSTELMAkGA1UE
BhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAoTCkdvb2dsZSBJbmMxJTAjBgNVBAMTHEdvb2dsZSBJbnRl
cm5ldCBBdXRob3JpdHkgRzIwHhcNMTQwMTI5MTMyNzQzWhcNMTQwNTI5MDAwMDAw
WjBpMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECAwKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTEWMBQGA1UEBwwN
TW91bnRhaW4gVmlldzETMBEGA1UECgwKR29vZ2xlIEluYzEYMBYGA1UEAwwPbWFp
bC5nb29nbGUuY29tMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEfRrObuSW5T7q
5CnSEqefEmtH4CCv6+5EckuriNr1CjfVvqzwfAhopXkLrq45EQm8vkmf7W96XJhC
7ZM0dYi1/qOCAU8wggFLMB0GA1UdJQQWMBQGCCsGAQUFBwMBBggrBgEFBQcDAjAa
BgNVHREEEzARgg9tYWlsLmdvb2dsZS5jb20wCwYDVR0PBAQDAgeAMGgGCCsGAQUF
BwEBBFwwWjArBggrBgEFBQcwAoYfaHR0cDovL3BraS5nb29nbGUuY29tL0dJQUcy
LmNydDArBggrBgEFBQcwAYYfaHR0cDovL2NsaWVudHMxLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vb2Nz
cDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUiJxtimAuTfwb+aUtBn5UYKreKvMwDAYDVR0TAQH/BAIwADAf
BgNVHSMEGDAWgBRK3QYWG7z2aLV29YG2u2IaulqBLzAXBgNVHSAEEDAOMAwGCisG
AQQB1nkCBQEwMAYDVR0fBCkwJzAloCOgIYYfaHR0cDovL3BraS5nb29nbGUuY29t
L0dJQUcyLmNybDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAH6RYHxHdcGpMpFE3oxDoFnP+
gtuBCHan2yE2GRbJ2Cw8Lw0MmuKqHlf9RSeYfd3BXeKkj1qO6TVKwCh+0HdZk283
TZZyzmEOyclm3UGFYe82P/iDFt+CeQ3NpmBg+GoaVCuWAARJN/KfglbLyyYygcQq
0SgeDh8dRKUiaW3HQSoYvTvdTuqzwK4CXsr3b5/dAOY8uMuG/IAR3FgwTbZ1dtoW
RvOTa8hYiU6A475WuZKyEHcwnGYe57u2I2KbMgcKjPniocj4QzgYsVAVKW3IwaOh
yE+vPxsiUkvQHdO2fojCkY8jg70jxM+gu59tPDNbw3Uh/2Ij310FgTHsnGQMyA==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
// First, create the set of root certificates. For this example we only
// have one. It's also possible to omit this in order to use the
// default root set of the current operating system.
roots := x509.NewCertPool()
ok := roots.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(rootPEM))
if !ok {
panic("failed to parse root certificate")
}
block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(certPEM))
if block == nil {
panic("failed to parse certificate PEM")
}
cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
if err != nil {
panic("failed to parse certificate: " + err.Error())
}
opts := x509.VerifyOptions{
DNSName: "mail.google.com",
Roots: roots,
}
if _, err := cert.Verify(opts); err != nil {
panic("failed to verify certificate: " + err.Error())
}
}